DO NOW Page 16-17 Learning Target: I can listen to the story of Napoleon and take adequate correlating notes Success Criteria: I can determine if Napoleon was a hero or tyrant and provide concrete details for each Why it’s important: He was the 1st emperor of France- right after FR

RECAP 1774- Louis XVI became King 1789- Third Estate- as National Assembly- assumed power 1791- Legislative Assembly, with Louis XVI as constitutional monarch, began rule 1792- Monarchy suspended and National Convention began governing 1793- Louis XVI executed 1795- Directory took control 1799- Consulate established, with Napoleon as First Consul 1804- Napoleon crowned emperor 1814- Napoleon overthrown and Bourbon monarchy restored

Napoleon Bonaparte “Ambition is never content even on the summit of greatness.”

Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in Corsica as an Italian- Became a French citizen at the age of 1 Home in which Napoleon was born Corsica

Became dictator (all power held by a single person) of France for 10 years in 1799 when he launched a coup d’ etat (stroke of state) against the Directory

Napoleon Bonaparte The people readily accepted the coup d'etat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. The revolution was over. Or was it?

Napoleon’s Rise to Power Early Success 1793, drove British forces out of Toulon. Defeated the Austrians in multiple battles, forcing the Hapsburg emperor to make peace. Set up a three-man governing board known as the Consulate. Took the title of first consulate and in 1802 had himself named consul for life.

Napoleon was immediately at war with the Second Coalition (countries united against France)

Coalitions were formed because other European Monarchs did not want their people to see the French get away with killing their king and starting Republics.

Napoleon as a Military Leader Wave of victories Awesome General – People liked/loved him

Loved by all of the French

Napoleon’s Rise to Power A New France, A New Emperor By 1804, Napoleon had enough power to become Emperor. Napoleon knew he had support as he held a plebiscite, or ballot in which voters say yes or no. Each time, the French strongly supported him.

NAPOLEON AS LEADER OF FRANCE

General Reforms Freedom of worship Stabilized food prices Class Equality Rebuilt Paris Got rid of 10 day week (& calendar)

Legal Reform: The Napoleonic Code – single set of laws for all of France Equality of law Basic liberties Restored slavery Limits on women’s rights Limits on political rights and freedom of speech and press NO LAWS APPLIED TO NAPOLEON

France Under Napoleon Napoleonic Code Enlightenment Principles Equality of all citizens, religious toleration. However, women lost most of their newly gained rights.

Class Reforms Clergy Improved Catholic’s status Gave back land Dropped state controls

Nobility Allowed nobility to return from exile Gave back land and political status

Bourgeoisie Stabilized markets and trade Lowered taxes Peasants Jobs Lowered food prices

Building an Empire A New European Empire The Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon annexed, or added outright to France lands including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany. The Battle of Trafalgar French naval defeat at the hands of the British. The Continental System Economic warfare waged against the British by closing European ports to British goods. The British responded with its own blockade. This plan did not defeat the British, instead resent grew as prices throughout Europe rose.

THREE BLUNDERS

1. Spain – kicked out old king and put his brother, Joseph, in charge of Spain. Spanish fought back with help from the British. Guerrilla Warfare destroyed the French. Napoleon has end the war. (300,000 French killed)

Continental System Napoleon tried to isolate trade with Britain (to hurt their economy), but it backfired. Battle of Trafalgar - Napoleon lost to the British navy. This was Napoleon’s first major defeat

BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR British French Lord Nelson – Admiral Villeneuve- Crosses the T” The British More ships, slower ships have better communication Shoot chainshot into faster fire of cannons rigging and shoot the hull of the ship

Battle of Trafalgar

Russia (1812) Napoleon goes in with 400,000 + troops, comes back with 10,000

The End of an Era Downfall of Napoleon Russia Czar Alexander I withdraws from the Continental System due to economic and political frustrations. Napoleon responds by sending 400,000 soldiers to Russia. Instead of fighting, Russians retreat East, burning crops and villages (scorched earth) as they went. When Napoleon entered Moscow he realized he could not feed his troops so he returned home with only 10,000 troops.

While Napoleon was “down,” the other countries ganged up to defeat him at the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) - 1813

The Congress of Vienna Gathering of Leaders Goals of the Congress Dignitaries from Austria, Russia, Britain and France met after the battle of Waterloo. Goals of the Congress Create a lasting peace between the four nations. By legitimacy, or restoring monarchies, Europe was returned to the “status quo.” Balance of Power A policy that no one state should be in the position to threaten the independence of another.

The Congress of Vienna Problems of the Peace Defeating Napoleon led to tremendous nationalism within the victorious countries. The Congress however redrew national boundaries without concern for national cultures. This angered European countries and eventually caused the Quadruple Alliance to break apart.

Napoleon gives up the throne and was exiled to Elba.

100 Days - Napoleon’s return to power People didn’t like Louis XVIII (brother of the guillotined king) Napoleon escaped Elba (Louis fled) Napoleon regained full power Napoleon: best defense is a good offense. He attacked the British General Wellington at Waterloo (Belgium) Napoleon was defeated for the final time

The End of an Era Waterloo After returning from exile Napoleon fought the British and Prussian armies at Waterloo, Belgium. The French lost in a day long battle and Napoleon was forced into exile again.

This time he’s sent to St. Helena, between Africa and South America He died in 1821 of a stomach ailment.

LEGACY Rise of Nationalism ·Division of people by country not social class ·People willing to go to war based on love of country ·Wars to combine city-states, divide empires

LEGACY (CONTINUED) Need for: · Coalitions and alliances Diplomacy as an option to war

LEGACY (CONTINUED) Spread of ideas:        Political philosophy        Revolution as an option     Equality, speech, voting, property   Rise of a professional military

VI. Legacies of the French Revolution A revolutionary model A Mass political consciousness Varying interpretations of the Revolution --Conservative View: Edmund Burke --Liberal View: Thomas Jefferson Conflict within the Liberal Tradition “Libertarianism” vs. “Egalitarianism”

Legacies of the French Revolution End of absolutism Power of nobles ended Peasants became landowners Nationalism Enlightenment ideals As is the case with all historical events, opinions may vary on their significance or impact. What is agreed upon is that the Revolution brought an end to absolutism in France. Even when the monarchy was restored, it was not absolutist in nature. With the abolition of feudal privileges, the nobles lost their power and eventually their lands. The peasants and middle class came to possess land for the first time, and France became a nation of small landowning farmers. The Revolution and the foreign wars associated with it also gave the French people a strong sense of national identity. Loyalties had shifted from a king or queen to the nation. This “nationalism” that began in France was spread by revolutionary and Napoleonic armies to the rest of Europe. The struggle for national liberation became one of the most important themes of 19th- and 20th-century European and world politics. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was an outstanding example of the expression of Enlightenment ideals concerning freedom, equality, and rights. These ideals, along with the notion of equality before the law, would provide the basis for reform movements and new political philosophies in the 19th century.

Napoleon and Josephine 10 min- silent read and annotate Underline main ideas ! Something that surprises you * Important things that you need to remember Respond to the question at bottom: Would Napoleon’s reign been different if Josephine loved him and was able to give him an heir? Why/Why not?

Napoleon- Hero or Tyrant? Rest of class- due February 17 (Red) or February 22 (Gold)

Exit Ticket Create a timeline of the French Revolution You need at least 10 events