The Indigenous Background History of Mexico “Indians” Corn (Maize) Maya Tikal Caciques Zapotecs Oaxaca Monte Alban Mixtecs Teotihuacán Toltecs Quetzalcoatl Itza Chichen Itza Tula League of Mayapan Aztecs Chichimecas Nahuatl Tenochtitlan Montezuma II Huitzilopochtli Yaqui
The Iberian Background Reconquest (Reconquista) 711-1492 Santiago Inquisition “Black Legend” Christopher Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas Hispaniola (Santo Domingo) 1493 Diego Velazquez Hernán (Hernando) Cortes (Cortez) Aguilar Malinche (Dona Marina) Quetzalcoatl Legend Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz Tenochtitlan Tlaxcalans Montezuma II Panfilo de Narvaez Pedro de Alvarado Smallpox “Noche Triste” Cuauhtémoc Encomienda
Audiencia Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza Cortes (Parliament) “Devine Right of Kings” “Obedezco pero no cumplo” Casa de Contratacion 1503 Council of the Indies 1524 Adelantados Cabildo Regidores (councilors) Alcaldes Ordinarios (magistrates) Creoles Oidores (Judges) Peninsulares (“Gachupines”) Residencia Presidencias Captaincies-General Corregidores Reparto de Mercancias Mestizo Encomienda Repartimiento Laws of Burgos 1512 New Laws 1542 Bartolome de las Casas Aristotle and the American Indians
Indian Contribution to Modern Agriculture Potato*, sweet potato Tomato Pumpkin, squash Peanut, Lima Bean Kidney bean, chili pepper Cacao Agave Sunflower seed Pineapple Strawberry Avocado, Papaya Guava Cashew Vanilla bean Corn* Dyes: Cochineal, Indigo Rubber, Chicle Drugs: Coca, quinine, Curare, Tobacco Animals: Turkey, Llama, etc.
Bartolomé de las Casas Breve Relación (Brief Relation): Tells of Spanish actrocities against the Indians 1550-1551 debates whether Indians are “gente de razón” with Dr. Juan Gines de Sepulveda at the Spanish court. 1544-1555: Bishop of Chiapas Mexico
Colonial Mexico Religous orders: Dominicans, Franciscans, Mercedarians, Augustinians, etc. Jesuits come later Syncretism Real Patrionato Ecclesiastical Fuero Freemasonry Bourbon Kings (18th Century) Charles III (r. 1759-1788) Intendents “The Enlightenment” Rousseau Locke Montesquieu Newton Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations Voltaire
Background to Revolution Comparative Revolutions 1. United States 1775-1783 2. French Revolution 1789 3. Haitian Revolution (St. Dominique)1789-1804 4. Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1823 Social or Political Revolutions?
Iberian Background to Mexican Independence Francisco Miranda Napoleon Charles IV Manuel Godoy Ferdinand VII Joseph Bonaparte (“Pepe Botellas”) Guerilla War (from “guerilla”-little war in Spanish Juntas Para La Defensa de Fernando VII Constitution of Cadiz 1812 Duke of Wellington Riego Revolt 1820 U.S. proclaims the “Monroe Doctrine” in 1823 (written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams) starts out as a defensive doctrine by 1880s an offensive one- 1898 Spanish American War- 20th Century US interventions
Comparison of Colonial Brazil with Colonial Mexico including difference in background to Independence: Brazil a backwater of Portuguese Empire Lightly Populated Portugal exerts light control over Brazil Black slavery important Portugese royal family leads independence Slavery not ended until almost the 20th Century Mexico crown jewel of Spanish Empire (along with Peru) Heavily populated Spanish control tight Indian labor important Mexican Creoles lead independence Slavery quickly outlawed after indpendence