Chapter 2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior Ancient Treatment Stone Age trephining Egyptian surgery and prayers Stone Age trephining involved chipping away a circular section of skull The Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri indicate that the Egyptians used surgery and prayers. Edward Smith describes brain as site of mental function © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Demonology, Gods, and Magic Early Writings Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks Abnormal behavior due to possession by good or evil spirits Religious or mystical significance to hallucinations considered good If overexcited or behaved against religious teachings thought to be possessed by angry god © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts Proposing that mental disorders had natural causes Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia, or phrenitis Associating dreams and personality Thought the brain was hub of intellectual activity Mental disorders due to brain pathology Used clinical observation to classify disorders First to associate temperament with four humors and thought dreams could reveal aspects of personality © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Plato (429–347 B.C.) Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the whole organism Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences Discussed hospital care © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness Aristotle Wrote lasting description of consciousness Thinking would help eliminate pain and help attain pleasure Rejected idea that mental illness was due to psychological factors © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Later Greek and Roman Thought Egyptians proposed wide range of therapeutic measures Galen provided anatomy of nervous system Roman medicine focused on comfort Egyptians used diet, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics, bleeding, restraints Galen divided causes of disorders into physical and mental categories © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Views of Mental Disorders in China One of earliest foci on mental disorders Emphasis on natural causes Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China” Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years Medicine based on natural causes of illness not supernatural: yin and yang are opposing forces that must be kept in balance to have good health Chung Ching: used observations, thought organ pathology was primary cause of disease, used drugs and emotional balancing as treatment © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages Middle East had scientific approach Europe was plagued with mass madness and treatment included exorcism Fear of witchcraft now questioned First mental hospital in Baghdad in 792 A.D.–used humane treatment Mass madness: group behavior disorders. Ex: lycanthropy: people thought they were possessed by wolves Mass madness occasionally appears in modern times: 1983 Palestinian girls Witches not all thought to be mentally ill but poor women with bad temper. Some were spiritually possessed © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Toward Humanitarian Approaches Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe Establishment of Early Asylums Humanitarian Reform Nineteenth Century Views of Causes and Treatments of Mental Disorders Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in Early Twentieth Century Mental Hospital Care in Twenty-First Century © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe Renaissance Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe Part of humanism movement Paracelsus and Weyer questioned supernatural causes of disorders. Weyer wrote criticism of witchcraft possession © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Establishment of Early Asylums Sixteenth Century Establishment of early asylums Prisons or storage places with filthy conditions and cruel patient treatment These asylums were often no more than prisons or storage places in which residents lived in filthy conditions and were treated cruelly © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Humanitarian Reform Humanitarian Reform France Philippe Pinel England William Tuke America Benjamin Rush Dorothy Dix Philippe Pinel unchained patients, placed them in sunny rooms and treated them with exercise and kindness. This was very successful. William Tuke established the York Retreat, a country house for the mentally ill. He treated with kindness and acceptance In 1845, the Country Asylums Act was passed in England. Required every county to provide asylum to “paupers and lunatics” Benjamin Rush pushed moral management in America (emphasized spiritual and moral development) From 1841 to 1881, Dorothy Dix lobbied for better treatment for the mentally ill in asylums. The caused the growth of the mental hygiene movement. Suitable hospitals were built © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nineteenth-Century Views of Mental Disorders Alienists Gained control of asylums Touted morality as important to good mental health Early part of century, psychiatrists (alienists) had little to do with treatment of insane because of moral management treatment Later part of century, took over asylums. Used both moral management and physical treatments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century Clifford Beers Described own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself Began campaign for reform © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mental Hospital Care in the Twenty-First Century 1940: most mental hospitals inhumane and ineffective 1946: Ward published The Snake Pit 1946: National Institute of Mental Health 1946: Hill–Burton Act 1963: Community Health Services Act 1940: Hospital stays lengthy. Care was punitive, harsh and inhumane The Snake Pit called attention to the plight of mental patients and argued for community care NIMH: support for psychiatric research and training Hill-Burton Act: funded community mental health hospitals The Community Health Services Act: develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, community consultations, and rehab programs Deinstitutionalization lead to mixed results © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior Recent changes Biological discoveries Development of mental disorders classification system Emergence of psychological causation views Experimental psychological research developments © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder Understanding increased Technological discoveries Scientific advancements Discovery of connection between general paresis and syphilis Discovered general paresis caused by syphilis and that it could be treated with malarial fever treatment. Leads to search for biological causes of other disorders Dissections reveal brain pathology involved in senility. Later find role of lead toxicity in other mental illnesses Technological advances lead to lobotomies. Now discredited as a method of treatment © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Development of a Classification System Kraepelin Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM Specific types of mental disorders identified Kraepelin: Compendium der Psychiatrie, published in 1883. Certain symptoms occur together frequently enough to be considered separate mental disorders Course of each disorder predictable and therefore outcome can be predicted © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Mesmerism Diseases treated by “animal magnetism” Source of heated discussion in early nineteenth century All people possessed magnetic forces that could be used to influence the distribution of the magnetic fluid in other people, thus effecting cures Discredited in Europe, but mesmerism was popular in United States © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Nancy School Hysteria could be caused and removed by hypnosis Hysteria and hypnosis both due to suggestion. Thought hysteria was a form of self-hypnosis so could use hypnosis to remove hysterical symptoms Debated Charcot about if causes of disorders are psychological or biological. Charcot comes around to their side. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) First major steps toward understanding psychological factors in mental disorders Psychoanalytic perspective Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) took the first major steps toward understanding psychological factors in mental disorders His theories have evolved into the psychoanalytic perspective Psychoanalysis emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder Psychoanalysis Catharsis The unconscious Free association Dream analysis © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt: First experimental psychological laboratory J. McKeen Cattell: Wundt’s methods to U.S. Lightner Witmer: First American psychological clinic First psychological journals Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig J. McKeen Cattell brought Wundt’s methods to the United States Lightner Witmer established the first American psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania Soon after, the first psychological journals hit the press © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Behavioral Perspective Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs will salivate to a nonfood stimulus once regularly accompanied by food John B. Watson emphasized the study of overt behavior Abnormal behavior was the product of unfortunate, inadvertent earlier conditioning and could be modified through reconditioning © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Behavioral Perspective Operant Conditioning E. L. Thorndike B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner studied how the consequences of behavior influence behavior © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unresolved Issues Interpretation of historical events and influence of biases Controversy over importance and relevance of some historical events Widespread acceptance of false accounts so hard to find truth of historical event. Ex: Misinformation about Little Albert study Reinterpret history in light of modern day perspectives © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.