Judaism and Christianity Outcome: The Origin of Judaism

The Origin of Judaism Setting the Stage Canaan (modern Day Isreal)was the ancient home of the Hebrews Hebrews get their names by the 12 tribes of Egypt that escaped slavery. The last of these tribes were from Judah, this is where King David (David and Goliath) led the last remaining tribe, hints the name Judaism- Judah. Hebrews were later called Jews The Hebrews history, legends, and moral laws have had a major influence on Western culture. Part of their history is shared with Christianity and Islam

History Judaism originated in the 1500’s BC. According to Jewish tradition, God chose the Hebrews and helped them to escape slavery in Egypt. This agreement between God and his people is known as a covenant. Monotheistic- worship one god Polytheistic worship many gods.

The Origin of Judaism The Search for a Promised Land Ancient Palestine’s location made it a crossroads of the ancient world. Palestine: Region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. The Hebrews settled in Canaan which was located in Palestine According to the Bible, Canaan was the land God had promised to the Hebrews in return for worshiping him or a “covenant”

The Torah

The Origin of Judaism Most of what we know of early Hebrew history is found in the first five books of the Hebrew Bible known as the Torah. The Torah is the most sacred writings to the Hebrews and make up part of the Old Testament for the Christians In the Torah, God chose Abraham to be the “father” of the Hebrew people Abraham was a shepherd who lived in Ur; God commanded him to move his people to Canaan around 1800 B.C. Around 1650 B.C. the descendents of Abraham moved to Egypt The Hebrews were monotheistic and worshipped god Yahweh Covenant: Promise made by Abraham and his people to obey Yahweh in return Yahweh had promised to protect Abraham and his descendents

The Origin of Judaism Moses and the Exodus The Bible says the Hebrews migrated to Egypt due to drought and famine At first they were accepted but later were forced into slavery

Moses

The Origin of Judaism Moses At the time of Moses’ birth, the Pharaoh felt threatened by the Hebrews and commanded that all first born males be killed Moses’ mother laid him in the reeds of the Nile to save him A Egyptian princess found him and raised him in luxury

Baby Moses on the Nile

The Origin of Judaism He did not forget his Hebrew birth but no one knew including the Pharaoh Eventually Moses’ secret would get out and he became a slave By the command of God he was told to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt This became known as the Exodus; “Let my people go!”

Moses Parting the Red Sea

The Origin of Judaism As the Hebrews traveled across the Sinai Peninsula, Moses went to the top of Mount Sinai to pray The Bible says he spoke to God and was given the Ten Commandments These Ten Commandments and other teachings became the basis of religious law of Judaism as well as Christianity

The Ten Commandments… Can you name them??

The Origin of Judaism The Kingdom of Israel Canaan was harsh with desert, rocky wilderness, and the hot valley of the Jordan River The tribe of Judah was the last remaining of the Hebrews and were soon called the Jews with their religion Judaism The Hebrews united under one kingdom of Israel Israel as an official country would not be formed until 1948 Solomon became the most powerful of Hebrew kings and built a trading empire He glorified the city of Jerusalem Solomon built an important temple in Jerusalem called Solomon's Temple The kingdom would divide in two: Israel in the north and Judah in the south

Solomon's Temple

Jerusalem Today Jerusalem is still and very important city to 3 major world religions Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. It has caused many wars in history including the Crusades which are still being fought today.

The Origin of Judaism Result: The history of the Hebrews has been a long and arduous journey. Of the five major religions studied in this class, theirs will be the oldest and one of the most influential. Many of their practices and ideas would cross into many mainstream cultures today.

Chapter 5 the Rise of Christianity

Christianity Early on in a time of peace, a new religion, Christianity emerged in a distant corner of the Empire Many different religions in the empire By 63 B.C., Romans had conquered Judea where most Jewish people lived.

Christianity Romans allowed Jewish people to worship their one god Many Jews reluctantly lived under Roman rule, however, some wanted a revolt against Rome and believed a messiah would come to lead their people to freedom

Jesus -Born in 4 B.C. in Bethlehem -worshipped God and followed Jewish law -at 30 began preaching to villagers, used parables-short stories with simple moral lessons to communicate his ideas (I.E. Good Samaritan) -Recruited 12 disciples to help him spread his ideas, called apostles, in Jerusalem -Some Jews in Jerusalem welcomed Jesus, many of the priests felt he threatened their leadership -Roman authorities felt Jesus would lead the Jews in a revolt against their rule

Death of Jesus -According to the gospels, Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples, arrested by the Romans, and killed by crucifixion-a person was bound to a cross and left to die -Rumors then spread that Jesus had not died but had risen from death and commanded his disciples to spread his teachings -After the disciples reported he ascended into heaven

Christianity Spreads -Followers called Christians -Disciples preach the messages of Christianity throughout the Roman world -Peter established Christianity in Rome itself, he became the first Pope -Paul played the most influential role in spreading Christianity He spread Christianity throughout the Mediterranean -His letters became part of the New Testament in the Bible

Christians Oppressed Romans were not tolerant towards Christians because: they refused to honor the emperor with sacrifices they refused to worship Roman gods to protect the state Christians were used as scapegoats, blamed for social and economic problems Many Christians became martyrs- or people who suffer or die for their beliefs However, Christianity continued to spread due to the fact that all people were welcome

Early Christian Church Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in A.D. 313. The Edict granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman empire By the end of the century, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire

Christianity: Seizing the Moment In the middle ages when people were less educated and believed anything the Catholic Church said they Changed the calendar to reflect the birth of Jesus versus simply counting the years. Anything before Jesus is considered BC (before Christ) Anything after Jesus is born is considered AD (2017 AD) AD stands for Anno Domini- Latin for “year of our lord” In a push to not allow religion to be as influential B.C. has also been written as BCE- Before Common Era 27

Structure of the Church Pope cardinal cardinal Bishop Diocese Priest + Community