Chapter 3 Cells

Learning Targets I can list the parts of a cell and describe the function of each. I can describe the characteristics of a cell. I can describe tumor and define cancer. I can list four types of tissue in the human body, describe the function of each, and give an example of each. I can define an organ and organ system. I can relate organs to their systems.

Cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things (trillion of cells in body). Cell or plasma membrane The outer protective covering of the cell and allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while preventing the passage of other substances Nucleus “Brain” of the cell, and controls many cell activities.

Nucleus The “BRAIN” of the cell Most important organelle within the cell Function Control the activities of the cell and facilitate cell division DNA and chromatin Chromosomes

Functions of Organelles Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell Nucleoplasm A clear, semi-liquid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli Nucleolus Reservoir for RNA Ribosomes Serve as site for protein synthesis

Functions of Organelles Cytoplasm Provides an organized watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there Centrosome Contains two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division Endoplasmic reticulum Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm

Functions of Organelles Mitochondria Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production Store ATP Golgi apparatus Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell Lysosomes Serve as center for cellular digestion

Functions of Organelles Perioxisomes Enzymes that oxidize cell substances Cytoskeleton Forms internal framework Pinocytic vesicles Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell Cilia and flagella Create movement

Cellular Metabolism Chemical reactions occur within the cells Energy supplied by ATP ATP created from CHO, proteins, and fats that we eat

Aging Aging is a phase of normal development Older person may have 30% fewer cells Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks Physiologic changes are universal and progressive Aging is not a disease

Metaplasia- abn change in nature of a tissue Dysplasia Neoplasia Disorders of Cell Structure Look up definitions & write them on OUTLINE  Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia- abn change in nature of a tissue Dysplasia Neoplasia

Tumor When cell division does not occur in the usual pattern Also called neoplasms Benign tumors Malignant tumors

Chapter 4 Tissues and Membranes

Tissues Tissues are groups of cells Epithelial tissue Tissues are cells of the SAME type joined together for a common purpose that include: Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, and Connective. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining Tissue that covers the surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and forms thin sheets, not very strong. Also functions as protection, for example skin. Squamous epithelial cells Cuboidal epithelial cells Columnar epithelial cells

Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory Endocrine gland cells Exocrine gland cells

Connective Tissue - Adipose Stores lipid Acts as filler tissue Cushions, supports, and insulates the body

Connective Tissue - Areolar (Loose) Elastin tissue Collagen

Connective Tissue - Dense Fibrous Ligaments Tendons Aponeuroses Fasciae

Connective Tissue - Supportive Osseous (bone) tissue Cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue) Lymph

Muscle Tissue Cardiac Skeletal (striated voluntary) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)

Nervous Tissue Irritability Conductivity

Time to Make a Tissue Chart

Effects of Aging on Tissue Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells Waste products accumulate in the tissue Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out

Effects of Aging on Tissue Lipofusion collects Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients Many tissues lose mass and atrophy

Membranes Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane Epithelial membranes Connective membranes

1. Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes Respiratory mucosa Gastric mucosa Intestinal mucosa Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) Pleural membrane Pericardial membrane Peritoneal membrane Cutaneous membranes

Epithelial Membranes © 2014 Cengage Learning.

2. Connective Membranes Synovial membrane Lines joint cavities Two layers of connective tissue Lines joint cavities Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

Hierarchy of Structural Organization The hierarchy of structural organization is a framework for understanding anatomy and physiology. The structure and function of the body may be examined at several levels of resolution: the biochemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism levels.

AtomOrganism

Life Functions Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions. These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

Human Development Atom Cells Tissues Organs Organ system Organism

Body Processes Metabolism Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism Building up Catabolism Breaking down

Homeostasis Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits Essential to survival Works on a negative feedback system

Hierarchy of Structural Organization Draw & Label Atom Organism

Organs An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism Organ system Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function

Organ Systems Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Cardiovascular

Organ Systems Urinary Nervous Endocrine Reproductive Integumentary Lymphatic

Tissue and Organ Transplant Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ Rejection is main problem in organ transplants

Disease and Injury to Tissue Infection Inflammation Trauma Abnormal growth of cells Birth defects