Adding a Dimension to the Philosophy of Science

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Presentation transcript:

Adding a Dimension to the Philosophy of Science Tatiana Medvedeva and Stuart Umpleby

The correspondence principle “Any new theory should reduce to the old theory to which it corresponds for those cases in which the old theory is known to hold” A way to identify important contributions to the development of a scientific field Add a new dimension that had previously been neglected

Examples from physics In the gas laws take account of the diameter of molecules, not just pressure, volume and temperature In relativity theory the Lorenz transformations consider the speed of light when calculating mass, length, and time

Two dimensions A dimension can be added to the philosophy of science not just to a scientific field Changing the philosophy of science changes the way all of science is done First, pay attention to the observer (second order cybernetics) Second, pay attention to the receiving society

Examples of observer effects Relativity theory (physics) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (elementary particles, physics) Knowing subjects (social sciences) The sociology of knowledge The training and experiences of the scientist (cybernetics)

Examples of societal effects Unintended consequences, for example of technologies Studies of science, technology and society Understanding the social context in which theories are formulated Taking account of values, beliefs, and institutions before recommending policies

First and second order cybernetics Observed systems The purpose of a model Controlled systems Interaction among variables in a system Theories of social systems Observing systems The purpose of the modeler Autonomous systems Interaction between observer and observed Theories of the interaction between ideas and society

Example of economic theories Economic theories were developed primarily in Western Europe and the US Economic theories assume certain values and beliefs among people and institutions in society In societies with different values and beliefs economic policies will have different outcomes

US vs. Russia A history of individual initiative Private ownership well established Efficiency is achieved when profit-oriented units compete Many mediating institutions A history of central planning Collective ownership assumed Efficiency is achieved when expertise is brought together Few if any mediating institutions

Examples of unintended consequences in Russia Efficiency meant concentrating expertise, so privatizing firms created monopolies, not competition New owners of firms did not invest in them but rather stripped assets and sent them out of the country, because they thought the government would take back control