How did Native Americans resist against their poor treatment? Starter: Identify 5 factors that would cause Native Americans to rebel during this period. Challenge: Which one would be the most influential in shaping their behaviour?

Little Crow’s War

Sand Creek Massacre

Red Cloud’s War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u75tDb5v4DE (51 minutes in for Fetterman Massacre)

Little Crow’s War (1862) Sand Creek Massacre (1864) What caused it? What happened? Outcome What caused it? What happened? Outcome How did Little Crows War lead to the Sand Creek Massacre? Red Cloud’s War (1866 – 1868) What caused it? What happened? Outcome How did Sand Creek lead to Red Cloud’s War?

What was the consequence of this? Why did it happen? What happened? What was the consequence of this? Long term: In 1851, Dakota Sioux tribes including Little Crow’s band, signed a treaty and agreed to move to two reservations, giving up 24 million acres of land in return for $1.4 million and yearly payments of $80,000. US government refused to pay them any money until the tribe had paid back $200,000 worth of debt to traders. There was not enough food to survive through winter. Supplies were withheld from them when some left the reservation to hunt. The Dakota were cheated – some of the provisions were inedible. Sometimes payments were delayed. Areas of their reservations were settled on by whites because they were good for farming. Short term Due to poor quality soil, the crops failed in August 1862. Due to the government delaying their payment, they had no money to buy food. Reservation Agent refused to give them food – same with local traders. Little Crow and other chiefs decided to rebel as the US army was still fighting the Civil War. They raised an army and raided the storehouse – stealing food and provisions before burning it down. They attacked settlers and army forts. Against Little Crow’s orders the men slaughtered settlers including women and children. 600 were killed. As more troops arrived, many including Little Crow fled to Dakota. 400 Sioux warriors were put on trial and sentenced to death. President Lincoln insisted that only those proven to be guilty of rape or murder should be executed – 38 men. The tribes were moved to the Crow Creek Reservation which was isolated and dry. Many starved to death in the first winter. Money was offered for the scalps of any Dakota Sioux found hiding in Minnesota. Little Crow was eventually shot and killed. His body was scalped and beheaded.

What was the consequence of this? Why did it happen? What happened? What was the consequence of this? In 1858, gold was discovered in Colorado Territory which caused thousands of white prospectors to cross the lands of the Cheyenne and Arapaho which scared away the buffalo and deer. Some even settled and demanded the US government move the Indians onto a reservation. Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs signed the Treaty of Fort Wise in 1861 to cede their land and move into a reservation. Many warriors called ‘Dog Soldiers’ disagreed with this and attacked settlers on their way to Colorado. Black Kettle tried to reach an agreement with the government and military. He set up camp at Sand Creek believing he would be protected by the US army. However, the governor of that territory was determined to kill and destroy all hostile Indians. On 29th November 1864, Colonel Chivington led 700 men on a raid into the camp. The Indians had put up a white flag of truce, but they were all killed. 130 men, women, children and babies were killed. Their bodies were scalped and other body parts were taken as trophies by the soldiers. Black Kettle escaped and passed on the news to other tribes. Dog Soldiers were so angered that they continued to attack white settlers across Colorado Territory. A new treaty was agreed in 1865 – Cheyenne and Arapaho would move to a reservation south of the Arkansas River and in return the government would pay them. After the Civil War ended, the US government backed out of the deal – in 1867 the tribes were moved onto a reservation half the size of the land promised. No money was paid out.

What was the consequence of this? Why did it happen? What happened? What was the consequence of this? Red Cloud was keen to protect Indian way of life – when gold was discovered in Montana in 1862, thousands began to use a short cut called the Bozeman Trail. This violated the Fort Laramie Treaty. In 1866 – the government called a council to discuss a new treaty. The aim was to get the tribes to allow safe passage through the Bozeman Trail. Red Cloud discovered that building materials had been brought to build forts – the government was going to build anyway without their permission. Red Cloud and many Lakota Sioux raised an army in rebellion (Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse) For two years they attacked soldiers and other workers building forts along the Bozeman Trail. In total Red Cloud’s War involved almost 3,000 Indians against 700 US soldiers. 1866 – Fetterman Massacre was huge victory for Red Cloud. They captured Fort Kearny. The Fort Laramie Treaty was signed in 1868 – US agreed to close the Bozeman Trail. Red Cloud agreed to tak ehis people to a reservation in Dakota. It was recognised that the Great Sioux Reservation was to be protected from whites – no white man could settle there would their permission.