6/18/2018 Naming Compounds Part 2

Naming Bases Bases contain an OH- group If an OH group is present it will be clearly indicated: e.g. NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Also notice that bases have a metal (or positive ion such as NH4+ at their beginning). Bases are named like other ionic compounds: cation is named first, followed by the polyatomic ion (hydroxide). - calcium hydroxide - copper(I) hydroxide - Al(OH)3 - NH4OH Ca(OH)2 CuOH aluminum hydroxide ammonium hydroxide

Naming Acids: Binary acids All acids start with H (e.g. HCl, H2SO4) 2 acids types exist: binary acids and oxoacids Binary: H + non-metal. E.g. HCl Oxo: H + polyatomic ion. E.g. H2SO4 Each have different naming rules. Binary acids: naming depends on state of acid If it’s not aqueous: hydrogen + non-metal HCl(g) = hydrogen chloride If it is aqueous: hydro + non-metal + ic acid HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid (aqueous hydrogen chloride)

Name these: HBr (s) H2S(aq) H2S(g) HI(aq) hydrogen bromide hydrosulfuric acid hydrogen sulfide hydr(o)iodic acid

Naming Acids: Oxyacids Naming does not depend on the state (aq) 1) name the polyatomic ion 2) replace ate with ic, ite with ous 3) change non-metal root for pronunciation 4) add “acid” to the name E.g. H2SO3 1) sulfite, 2) sulfous, 3) sulfurous, 4) sulfurous acid HNO2 hypochlorous acid H3PO4(aq) carbonic acid - nitrous acid - HClO - phosphoric acid - H2CO3

Hydrates Some compounds contain H2O in their struc-ture. These compounds are called hydrates. This is different from a solution, because the H2O is part of the molecule– trapped inside the crystalline structure (vs dissolved in water). The H2O can usually be removed if heated. A dot separates water: e.g. CuSO4•5H2O is copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. A greek prefix indicates the # of H2O groups. Ex-- Na2SO4•10H2O NiSO4•6H2O Sodium sulfate pentahydrate Nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate

Basic Naming of Hydrocarbons Simple hydrocarbons are covalent compounds made up of only C & H. Their names are based on: 1) # of carbons, 2) bond type (and position). 1) the number of carbons is given by a “prefix” 1 meth- 2 eth- 3 prop- 4 but- 5 pent- 6 hex- 7 hept- 8 oct- 9 non- 10 dec-

Mnemonic for First Four Prefixes Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas First four prefixes Meth- Eth- Prop- But-

2) name will end in -ane, -ene, or –yne, depending on the type(s) of bonds present. -ane = only single bonds -ene = has a double bond -yne = has a triple bond. **Note, the number of H does not effect the name. We will not name compounds with more than one multiple bond.

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds are alkanes Hydrocarbons with only single bonds are alkanes. If it has at least one double bond, its an alkene, and alkynes have at least one triple bond. Q – 1. What names would be given to these: 7C, 9C alkane 2C, 4C alkyne 2C, 3C alkene heptane, nonane ethyne, butyne ethene, propene 2. Name: a. CH4, methane b. propene

Count the number of Cs and see if it has a double or triple bond. Strategies To name a compound, start with it’s structure (draw it out, if the structure isn’t given, remembering that C gets 4 bonds and H only ever gets one). In general: All single bonds (alkanes): CnH2n+2 (the # of H is twice the number of C, plus 2 more) One double bond (alkene): CnH2n One triple bond (alkyne): CnH2n–2 Count the number of Cs and see if it has a double or triple bond. Choose the prefix and the ending.

Drawing Hydrocarbons Based on the name, draw the right # of Cs in a row, with single bonds (a dash) between them. Check the ending– if it needs a double or a triple bond, add dashes to the first single bond. Last, add hydrogens (H) to make sure every C has 4 bonds.

Draw these: hexane butyne