European Tertiary Education Register [Contract No. EAC-2015-0280] 6/18/2018 8:55 AM European Tertiary Education Register [Contract No. EAC-2015-0280] The European Tertiary Education Register Results on European higher education Andrea Bonaccorsi Athens, 16 January 2017 © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Examples of use Data at the level of individual HEIs As compared with EUROSTAT national aggregates Allow providing a fine-grained analysis of HEI characteristics Diversity of HEIs in terms of size, functions, subject, etc. accross the whole Europe Differences between countries in this respect (as associated to national policies) Relative importance of differences between countries and between HEIs in the same country Statistical inference on HEI characteristics

What is higher education?

Policy issues History and territorial distribution of HEIs Do we have too many universities? Are they too dispersed geographically? Should we have less/ more geographically concentrated universities? Indicators Number of HEIs per 000 populations, billion € or $ GDP, km square Age profile of HEIs HEI demography (mergers)

Distribution of HEIs per year of foundation

Types of mergers in ETER University mergers: critical mass (rare) College mergers: consolidation of the sector Specialized schools: achieving critical mass or integrating in generalist schools (take-over)

Demography highlights European higher education is the sum of different historical layers (from the middle-ages to the more recent HEIs) with very different characteristics. High stability in the core of large universities, frequent change in the “periphery”. On-going consolidation process mostly for small HEIs, education oriented. Private HEIs have a more competitive dynamics. The number of HEIs and the structure of higher education are strongly influenced by history. Read the policy brief on HEI history published in June 2016.

Policy issues Size of HEIs Are our universities too small? Too large? Do we miss a core of large universities? Are students concentrated in a small number of institutions? Is this bad or good? Should we concentrate resources in a small number of institutions? Indicators Distribution of size indicators (number of students, degrees, academic staff, total staff) In total and by categories (universities vs non-universities, by discipline, by generalist vs specialist orientation) Read the policy brief on HEI size to be published in January 2017.

HEIs by size Many small HEIs (private, specialized) The core of the system is composed by large generalist universities

Policy issues Subject mix Do we have too many students in, say, Law? Do we have too few students in, say, Engineering? Do we need more specialist universities in dedicated fields? Indicators Distribution by Fields of education of students and degrees % of degrees in selected FoE from generalist vs specialist universities

Subject mix highlights The core of the European higher education landscape, both of education and research, is dominated by generalist institutions. The emergence of specialized institutions and their patterns differ substantially between countries, depending on specific national conditions. Specialized institutions especially cover Arts and Humanities, Engineering, Social Sciences and Business and Law. The main subject of specialized institutions is strongly correlated with the legal status of an institution. Read the policy brief on subject mix published in June 2016.

Geographical distribution of specialized HEIs

Policy issues Differentiation of higher education: (a) degree differentiation Dual or college systems (Phd granting institutions + non-PhD granting) vs unitary systems Debate on convergence vs diversity Indicators % of students enrolled in non-PhD institutions (e.g. colleges, Fachochschules) average size of non PhD institutions compared with universities Analysis by discipline and by regions

Policy issues Differentiation of higher education : (b) research intensity differentiation Is there a differentiation among universities in the intensity of research activities? Do we need such differentiation? Indicators Ratio PhD students/all students (or degrees) as an indicator of research intensity Average/median number of publications per FTE academic staff

PhD intensity by country

Policy issues Internationalization Are our universities good in attracting international students? International academic staff? Indicators % of students coming from abroad (undergraduate, postgraduate) % of academic staff coming from abroad

Internationalization of academic staff Large differences between countries But also between HEIs within countries

Internationalization of student body Mobility increases strongly by educational level As well as differences between HEIs High internationalization at the bachelor and master level is exceptional

Internationalization highlights Permanent and degree mobility at the bachelor level remains concentrated in few HEIs (foreign campuses, foreigners’ HEIs). Mobility at the master level is concentrated in the UK. Mobility at the PhD level targets highly reputed countries. Erasmus students’ mobility is complementary to degree mobility (more focus on the bachelor level, less internationalized countries). Read the policy brief on internationalization of students to be published in November 2016.

Policy issues Funding system Are our universities too much dependent on government funding? Are they funded with an appropriate funding mix when compared to other countries? Indicators % university budget covered by core funding, third parties, and student fees

Funding system Most HEIs are mainly financed by the State core budget Exception of private HEIs (student fees)

Policy issues Research productivity of universities Are our universities productive with respect to scientific publications? Indicators Controlling for other factors (subject mix, size, student load) - Average number of scientific publications per FTE academic staff in relevant fields

Policy issues Teaching productivity of universities Are our universities productive with respect to teaching? Indicators Controlling for other factors (subject mix, size, research intensity) Average number of degrees per FTE academic staff Completion rates

Policy issues Gender gap Are our universities good in achieving gender balance? Indicators % of female students (undergraduate, postgraduate) % of female academic staff (by academic level, if data available) Ratio % female staff/% female students Read the policy brief on gender gap to be published in December 2016.

Policy issues Efficiency of universities Are our universities efficient in producing multiple outputs? How distant are they from the frontier? Indicators Nonparametric efficiency scores Stochastic frontier efficiency scores

Policy issues Universities and regional development Are our universities contributing to growth and regional development? Indicators Regional covariates (GDP, gross value added, employment, share of employment in high tech sectors, new firm creation rates, New Technology Based Firms, etc.) Allocation of covariates to universities according to the NUTS 2 and NUTS 3-level georeferentiation Urban area geo-referentiation Read the policy brief on regional development to be published in January 2017.

Statistical inference ETER sample is large enough to allow for statistical inference Currently mostly cross-sectional In future also using panel data Examples Factors associated with internationalization of HEIs Factors associated with participations to EU-FPs Analysis of types of HEIs in Europe Growth process of HEIs (Gibrat’s law) ETER (+other data) allow answering some debated questions on European Higher Education

References ETER I final report Books Benedetto Lepori, Andrea Bonaccorsi, Alessandro Daraio, Cinzia Daraio, Hebe Gunnes, Elisabeth Hovdhaugen, Michael Ploder, Monica Scannapieco, Daniel Wagner-Schuster (2016), Establishing a European Tertiary Education Register, European Commission, NC-01-15-791-EN-N, Brussels. Books Bonaccorsi A. (ed.) 2014, Knowledge, Diversity and Performance in European Higher Education, London, Edward Elgar. Bonaccorsi A. and Daraio C. (eds., 2007), Universities And Strategic Knowledge Creation, Edward Elgar.

Articles Daraio C. et al. (2011), The European university landscape: a micro characterization based on evidence from the Aquameth project, Research Policy, 40(1). Lepori B., Bonaccorsi A. (2013), The socio‐political construction of a European census of higher education institutions. Design, methodological and comparability issues, Minerva, 51(3), 271‐293. Bonaccorsi A., Colombo M.G., Guerini M., Rossi Lamastra C. (2013) University specialization and new firm creation across industries. Small Business Economics DOI 10.1007/s11187-013-9509-5. Bonaccorsi A., Colombo M.G., Guerini M., Rossi Lamastra C. (2014) The impact of local and external university knowledge on the creation of knowledge-intensive firms: evidence from the Italian case. Small Business Economics, DOI 10.1007/s11187-013-9536-2 Lepori B., Veglio V., Heller‐Schuh B., Scherngell Th., Barber M. (2015), Participations to European Framework Programs of higher education institutions and their association with organizational characteristics, Scientometrics 105 (3), 2149‐2178. Lepori B., Seeber M., Bonaccorsi A. (2015), Competition for talent. Country and organizational‐level effects in the internationalization of European Higher Education Institutions, Research Policy, 44(3), 789‐802. Bonaccorsi A. (2016) Addressing the disenchantment. Universities and regional development. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, online August 2016 Vieira E., Lepori B. (2016) The growth process of higher education institutions and public policies, Journal of Informetrics, 10, 286-298. Bonaccorsi A., Haddawy P. Cicero T., Saeed H. (2016a) Explaining the transatlantic gap. Scientometrics, online November 2016

Work in progress on additional data Additional data on publications (Scopus 2007-2010) Europe, USA and Canada, Asia Pacific 251 Subject Categories Number of publications Number of citations % publications in top 10% SNIP journals % publications in top 25% SNIP journals % citations in top 10% SNIP journals H-index Number of publications with international co-authorship Originally available in the Global Research Benchmarking System (GRBS), now terminated

(personal addendum) Work in progress Bonaccorsi A., Secondi L. (2016a) The determinants of research performance in European universities. A large scale multilevel analysis, Submitted for publication Bonaccorsi A., Haddawy P., Cicero T., Saeed H. (2106b) The solitude of stars. The European model of academic excellence facing the input competition. Submitted for publication Bonaccorsi A., Secondi L. (2016b) Field of science differences in research performance. In preparation Bonaccorsi A., Secondi L. (2016c) Are there economies of scale in research? In preparation

Work in progress/2 On the relationship between research and growth of firms Bonaccorsi A., Colombo M.G., Guerini M., Rossi Lamastra C. (2016a) Estimating the impact of public research on the post-entry growth of firms. In preparation Bonaccorsi A., Colombo M.G., Guerini M., Rossi Lamastra C. (2016b) Quality of research and firm growth. In preparation

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