Period 5: Industrialization and Global Connections c. 1750 – c. 1900 ce Ch 15, p 177 Source: AP World Crash Course World History by: JP Harmon

Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform Chapter 15

Ideas from Europe’s Enlightenment Era Spark Changes in Governments Many political revolutions around the globe. The Enlightenment movements sparked revolutions based on liberty and equality. New nations formed and old reformed. Nationalism plays into this theme. Ideas from Europe’s Enlightenment Era Spark Changes in Governments

Enlightenment Scientific Rev sparked the idea that the human condition could be improved by applying rational thought Enlightenment principles based on: Individual equality Voltaire & Rousseau All men created equal; none should be treated different than another because of birth King is not automatically “better” than a commoner American Declaration of Independence based on these ideas

Enlightenment

Enlightenment Individual liberty People should be free to make own personal and economic decisions Abolish slavery Freedom of speech and religion are “natural” rights

Enlightenment Limited government Locke & Rousseau believed the people had a “social contract” with their government Leader of a gov’t failed to serve well, the people had the right to revolt Republic was the favorite of Enlightenment thinkers Adam Smith insisted that governments end their mercantilism policies and stay out of the way of the “natural” cycles of the economy

Enlightenment

Political Revolutions in the Atlantic World

American Revolution First place Enlightenment principles were applied on a large scale Effects of the American Rev Gave encouragement to others that a group of colonies could overthrow their mother country Some say that the AR was not revolutionary at all since elites were still in power after But the opposite can also be argued that even with slavery, the US was still the most democratic government in the world

American Revolution

American Revolution

French Revolution Not a colonial struggle, kind of like a civil war with different goals Many stages of the revolution Constitutional monarchy Execution of the king Republic Dictatorship disguised as Empire

Much more violent than American French Revolution Much more violent than American Great Fear Reign of Terror guillotine

Napoleon Claimed to be a child of the Enlightenment…HA!!! Military dictator Enacted some beneficial reforms Overturned many monarchies throughout Europe Defeated by a European coalition Congress of Vienna Redrew the boundaries of Europe Created several new nations

Napoleon

Haiti On the heels of the French Revolution Saint Dominigue Slave revolt led by Toussaint Louverture Napoleon sent an army to quash the rebellion, but failed Napoleon decided that keeping the colony was too expensive anyway and gave up

Tousaint Loverture

Haiti Results: Establishment of the 2nd republic Haiti never really economically successful because large crops of sugar and coffee destroyed and replaced by small unprofitable farms

Latin America Haitian success inspired the rest of LA colonies to attempt revolt Simon Bolivar and other upper class Creole elites helped LA colonies gain independence LA had few educated people and a huge gap between elite and poor

Latin America Elite remained in power making establishing stable governments difficult Little social and economic change for the non-elites Women’s rights frequently discussed but less frequently enacted

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Huge changes in society from the Industrial Revolution resulted in unrest among the urban poor. Revolts from 1820s – 1840s tore through Europe with 2 goals: political freedom and economic opportunity Effects of the Industrial Revolution REVOLTS, REFORMS AND FAMINE

Pressure in Cities and Factories Overcrowding cities created many problems Disease, scarce housing and unemployment Lower classes suffered the most Government leaders slow to respond to calls for reform for what ever the reason… Mid 19th c, political pressure from middle class to help the urban poor Poor working conditions, long hours, low pay

Calls for Change European activists rallied the urban poor to protest Middle class urged to use new voting rights to help the working class Women still have no suffrage Labor unions begin to form Illegal until late 19th c in Europe

Socialism Karl Marx Considered the most radical 1848, wrote “Communist Manifesto” Demanded the overthrow of the “haves” by the “have nots” Bourgeoisie proletariat Dreamed of the creation of classless society where ALL were politically, socially, economically equal

Effects Middle class didn’t support the urban poor as planned But did cause change Police services Cleaner water (London) Built public housing (Paris) Unemployment and social security benefits (Germany)

Irish Famine Diseased produce delivered to Ireland Potato Blight Spread rapidly through Ireland Killed about 1 million, another million migrated to US Caused increased support in Europe for government programs to aid the poor as general policy

Nationalism Leads to Revolts and Political Changes

Europe in Flames

More Revolts

European Imperialism Leads to Nationalist Movements in Africa and Asia

Africa

Africa

Africa

Asia

Asia

Asia

Falling Empires

Spain & Portugal

The Ottoman Empire