By: Amber Carr and Olivia Zulisky Amphibian Review By: Amber Carr and Olivia Zulisky

Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibians

Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Larve gills tails algae eater moist skin Adult lay eggs in water Adult lungs legs insect eater heart

Evolution of amphibians 360 million years Evolved from lobed~fin fish Bones in pectoral and pelvic area Homologous structures Leg bone~ stronger to support the body’s weight

Evolution of amphibians Formation of rib cage protect internal organs Lateral lines in form of tympanic membrane feel vibrations in the air Formation of eyelids and nictitating membrane goggles/keeps moisture in

Evolution of amphibians Nares~ detect air forms 1st amphibian No competition for food # of vertebrates on land increased Smaller survived Climate change decrease in number and size

Fun Facts! Hundreds of millions of years ago, amphibians became the first vertebrates to live on land

Traits of the Amphibian Class Metamorphosis~ change form aquatic larvae to terrestrial adult Ectotherms use environment to regulate temp. External Fertilization jelly coated eggs need H20

Traits of the amphibian class Feet lack claws often webbed moist porous skin Cutaneous Respiration in O2 and H2O out CO2 and H2O Respire~ gills, lungs, and skin

Three Orders Order Anura~ toads and frogs means tailless 3800 species of frog and toad lay jelly- coated eggs in H2O tadpoles~ compact bodies tongue~ sticky and long

Three Orders Order Anura~ continued Frogs~ smooth skin jump~powerful hind legs live near H2O

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poxbBDuPfbY

Three Orders Order Anura~ continued Toads~ Rough bumpy skin Poisonous glands Only walk Live on land~ moist

Three Orders Order Urodela~ salamanders and newts 400 different species long tails elongated bodies moist skin 4 limbs lay eggs in H2O worldwide (except Australia)

Three Orders Order Apoda/ Gymnophiona~ caicubans “legless” amphibians 160 species 12” long live in tropics in dirt and soil eat insects

Fun Frog Games! http://www.neok12.com/Amphibians.htm

Fun Facts! More than 75 percent of all toad and frog species in the world live in tropical rainforests.

Metamorphosis Metamorphosis Larvae Adult Lungs Fin-like tail Legs gills Fin-like tail 2 chambered heart closed system 1 loop Adult Lungs Legs Closed system 3 chambered heart 2 loop system

Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OKQM9D1xQQ

External Covering/Moist Skin Metamorphosis Respiration(cutaneous) thin, moist skin dry skin=suffocation due to more CO2 most active at night~ cooler, more moisture Mucus glands~more moisture

External Covering/Moist Skin Metamorphosis Protection Some poisonous most secrete a foul tasting substance Skin~camouflaging “extra eye” puff up eyes/ bodies

External Covering/Moist Skin Nervous System/Sensory Organs External Covering/Moist Skin Same size as fish no care process for young

Nervous System/Sensory Organs Sight~ well developed eyes detect prey eyelids Nictitating membrane “goggles” while swimming keeps eyes moist

Nervous System/Sensory Organs Sound~tympanic membrane pick up vibration connection eustachian tube NOT EARS!!!!!!!!

Nervous System/Sensory Organs Smell~ nares internal and external high set adaptation for life in water

See Mouth Structure Diagram Interactive See Mouth Structure Diagram

Fun Facts! Frogs can breathe not only with their lungs, but also through their skin. A frog's skin is thin and contains many mucous glands that keep it moist. Oxygen can be absorbed through this thin, damp skin. https://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/

Skeletal System Endoskeleton Adaptations radius and ulna are fused tibia and fibula are fused Beginning of joint

Digestive System Larvae~ herbivores Adult~ carnivores Starts in mouth 2 kinds of teeth Gripping/holding prey forced down into gullet DO NOT CHEW!!!!!!

Digestive System Pharynx~back of throat Gullet~ opening to esophagus Stomach where protein digestion occurs

Digestive System Small Intestine No pyloric caeca Proteins, lipids, and carbs are digested Get enzymes from pancreas (insulin), liver (makes bile), and gallbladder (stores bile)

Digestive System Large Intestine NO DIGESTION Remove excess H2O Food molecules absorbed into blood Storage area of food until sent to cloaca

Digestive System Cloaca Similar to urogenital opening BUT… Digestive AND urogenital system meet here Stores urine, sex cells, and feces until released

Digestive System Vent Similar to anus Everything exits here sex cells urine feces

See Internal Anatomy Diagram Interactive See Internal Anatomy Diagram

video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sX_EUBnzMjE

Circulatory System Larvae~ fish-like Adult 1 loop system 2 loop system 2 chamber heart Adult 2 loop system 3 chamber heart Systemic Circulation~ blood travels from heart to body and back to heart Pulmonary Circulation~ blood travels from heart to lungs then back to heart

Respiratory System 2 types Respire through moist skin~ cutaneous Mouth~ Glottis (opening to trachea) Take in O2 and release CO2 “Purple bunches of Grapes” bronchioles

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw3pzCIMPEk

Excretory System Kidneys 2 separate lie along the back under reproductive organs “long brownish-red kidney beans”

Excretory System Blood into kidneys Kidneys filter out nitrogenous waste Passes through ureter Urea, salts, and H2O (urine) stored in urinary bladder From cloaca, urine passes out through vent

Virtual frog Dissection! https://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_16/BL_16.h tml

Reproductive System ~Male Sperm made in testes Travels through sperm ducts to cloaca exit out vent

Reproductive System ~Female Eggs made in ovaries Travel along oviduct jelly-coating is applied Eggs empty out from into cloaca and exit out vent where amplexus occurs

Reproductive System Males have vocal sacs and use them to call females and scare off other males croak is made by air being sucked back and forth between the mouth and lungs and then into the vocal sac 2.After female approaches, male climbs on back firmly grasp female and prepare for amplexus forcing her to pass her mature eggs 3.Male then releases sperm into water near eggs

See Reproductive Diagram Interaction See Reproductive Diagram

Fun Facts! More than 75 percent of all toad and frog species in the world live in tropical rainforests.

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HW7oHzDR-g

CrossWord Answer Key CrossWord Answer Key Across: 2. apoda 4. cutaneous 6. toad 8. ureter 10. vent 12. sperm ducts 14. urodela 15. urinary bladder Down: cloaca 3. systemic 5. ectotherm 7. anura 9. tympanic membrane 11. vocal sac 13. oviduct 20. nares 16. ovaries 17. amplexus 18. testes 19. ribcage 20. nictitating membrane 21. frog 22. metamorphosis 23.pulmonary http://www.puzzle-maker.com/crossword_FreePuzzle.cgi

Mouth Diagram Answer Key CrossWord Answer Key http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/frog_d4.gif

Internal Anatomy Answer Key CrossWord Answer Key Liver Gall bladder Small intestine large intestine ------- Cloaca Vent Stomach Pancreas Spleen Urinary bladder http://questgarden.com/137/93/6/120126084646/images/frog%20digest.JPG

Reproductive System Answer Key CrossWord Answer Key http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/frog_d6.gif