Cells and Water Uintah High School Agriculture Biology! CHEMISTRY of CELLS Cells and Water Uintah High School Agriculture Biology!

UNIT OBJECTIVES 1. Identify the major elements and macromolecules found in living things. 2. Compare the properties and structure of atoms found in living things. 3. Illustrate and explain how small molecules combine to form large molecules. 4. Explain the role of proteins play in cell structure and function.

Objectives Continued 5. Hypothesize the relationship between the properties of water to life’s processes. 6. Design and conduct an experiment that demonstrates the importance of water. 7. Explain how water affects agriculture. 8. Compare and contrast how plants and animals acquire and conserve water in a cell.

Matter -- anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE Chemistry of Life Matter -- anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE EVERYTHING is made of matter

All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms Chemistry of Life Atoms – the SMALLEST particle that can exist and still be considered a certain kind of matter All LIVING and NONLIVING things are made of atoms

Atoms -- have three components ELECTRONS -- negatively charged PROTONS -- positively charged; found in nucleus NEUTRONS -- neutral; found in nucleus

The Atom Electrons Nucleus: Protons + charge and Neutrons = charge Electron Shells (Energy levels)

Draw and label an atom in your notebook Draw and label an atom in your notebook! After get your book stamped by Mr. Wilson!

Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM Chemistry of Life Elements -- a substance that is made of only ONE kind of ATOM There are approximately 118 at present. Watch this? http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.h tml

                                                                                                                                                   

Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Number of protons is the atomic number of an element. Number of protons and neutrons is atomic mass.

Periodic Table Info                                                                                                                                            

Types of bonds Ionic – Bond in which opposite charges attract to on another. a chemical bond formed between oppositely charged species because of their mutual electrostatic attraction

Ionic Bond: Salt

Covalent Bond Covalent – A covalent bond is one in which electrons are shared by the two atoms in the bond.

Hydrogen Hydrogen Bond – attraction of polar molecules. In chemistry, a hydrogen bond is a type of attractive intermolecular force that exists between two partial electric charges of opposite polarity. Although stronger than most other intermolecular forces, the hydrogen bond is much weaker than both the ionic bond and the covalent bond.

Six elements most abundant in living things are: Carbon = C Hydrogen = H Oxygen = O Phosphorus = P Nitrogen = N Sulfur = S – Write this in your notebook in the same colors! Then get it stamped! CHOPNS

A way to remember the Nutrients required for plant growth. C.B. HOPKINS CaFe Mighty good Closed Monday Morning See You Zen!

Elements Essential for Life Plants: MAJOR ELEMENTS: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S) Plant: MINOR ELEMENTS: Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Chlorine, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn)

Elements essential for Animals Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Zinc (Zn)

Chemistry of Life Compounds – matter that is made of more than ONE kind of ATOM Compounds are made by atoms sharing or taking ELECTRONS from the other atoms in the compound

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates – Sugars and Starches Oh My! Provide energy Three Types Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides simple SUGAR contain C6H12O6 GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, AND GALACTOSE

Disaccharides double SUGAR contain two RINGS SUCROSE and LACTOSE

Polysaccharides complex CARBOHYDRATES made of RINGS of SUGAR STARCH, CELLULOSE, and GLYCOGEN

Proteins STRUCTURE and FUNCTION Made of H, O, C, N Build and repair Acts as enzymes – speed up reactions!

Structure of Proteins Amino Acids – building BLOCKS 20 different kinds – all have the same elements but in different amounts Polypeptides – chains of AMINO ACIDS Joined by peptide bonds Proteins – chains of POLYPEPTIDES Used to make SKIN, HAIR, MUSCLE, ORGANS, etc.

Proteins and Cell Structure 1. Cell membrane contains protein molecules. 2. Protein molecules help substances move into and out of the cell. Function 1. Produced on ribosome's. 2. Used to build body parts and cell membranes 3. Used in formation of nucleic acids.

Lipids FATTY molecules used to store ENERGY Made of long chains of H & C followed by COOH Do not DISSOLVE in WATER Lipids have less OXYGEN than carbohydrates Examples of Lipids are: FATS, OILS, AND WAXES LIPIDS HAVE MORE ENERGY PER GRAM THAN CARBS AND PROTEINS

Lipids

Nucleic Acids Store INFORMATION that controls CELL activities Made of a PHOSPHATE a SUGAR, and a BASE. Examples of Nucleic Acids are: DNA and RNA

Inorganic has no C Carbon! Inorganic Compounds Water ( H2O ) – each molecule is made of two HYDROGEN atoms and one OXYGEN atom Inorganic has no C Carbon!

Properties of Water Cohesion – the polarity of water molecules causes them to cling to one another like magnets. Water flowing from a faucet.

Example of Cohesion Cohesion explains why insects and spiders, such as this tarantula can rest on the water’s surface. How does the tarantula’s physical structure help it to stay afloat?

Properties of water Adhesion – water molecules that are attracted to another surface. i.e.: water droplets stick to your skin after a shower.

Properties of Water Adhesion is an attraction of between molecules of different substances. Adhesion between water and glass causes water to rise against the force of gravity. This is known as capillary action. Capillary action is one of the forces that draws water out of the roots of a plant and up into it stems and leaves. Cohesion holds the column of water together as it rises. Water is the universal solvent! It can dissolve, break down everything in enough time!

Examples of Cohesion &Adhesion Clear off desk tops. Place a teaspoon full of water on your desktop. Observe the following: Cohesion – water molecules sticking together Run finger through water and observe: Adhesion of water to desktop and finger. Get a paper towel and clean up desk

The Water Molecule

Importance of Water Living things are made of many different atoms that are organized into thousands of different compounds. Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. However, organisms also contain water, a compound that does not contain carbon. Approximately 70% of body mass is water. Water acts as a transport system for nutrients and wastes. Compounds that dissolve in water form solutions.

Why is water so important to agriculture? At least 75% of animal body mass is water Plants contain 70-80% water Transports nutrients and wastes

Why is water so important to agriculture? Dissolves compounds -- “Universal Solvent” Regulates body temperature in animals Provides structure for plants

Conservation of Water Fix leaks Use sprinkler irrigation Save Clean Water Dispose of products carefully Care for farmland, lawns and gardens carefully Practice sensible pest control Take shorter showers Fix leaks Use sprinkler irrigation

Control runoff from fields, feedlots, lawns and gardens Conservation of Water Control runoff from fields, feedlots, lawns and gardens Control soil erosion Avoid spillage or dumping of chemicals, oil, fuel, etc. Proper control of sewage

Diffusion The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

Diffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM Concentration gradient - a difference between concentrations in a space.

exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell. OSMOSIS Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, usually through a cell membrane. Cell membranes are completely permeable to water, therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell.

Types of Solutions Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Hypertonic

Hypertonic Example Which one is hypertonic?

Types of Solutions Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Hypotonic

Which on is hypotonic?

Types of Solutions Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic. Examples:http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a 1/Cells/Osmosis.htm

Isotonic example Isotonic: Water in = Water out No net movement of water. Molecules in equilibrium. Normal state for animal cells. Cell in homeostasis.

In your lab notebook! Create a table such as? Record this equation: Cell # Initial mass (g) Final mass (g) Percent change of mass 1 2 3 Record this equation: Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass X 100 Initial Mass

In your note book Make a prediction and hypothesis for each cell. (what do you predict will happen to each)

Water in plants Turgor Pressure - Force exerted outward on a cell wall by the water contained in the cell. This force gives the plant rigidity, and may help to keep it erect.

Stoma Stomata – tiny openings on the underside of plant leaves and stems. They control water loss in plants (Transpiration) take in CO2 and release O2.

The effects of osmotic pressure:  

Methods of transport through a cell Passive or Active Transport: Passive Active Passive Transport does not require cell energy Active Transport Requires cell energy (ATP) Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis Examples: Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis  

Facilitated Diffusion Uses transport/channel proteins. Passive transport. ·    Usually for specific molecules such as glucose. ·    Facilitated diffusion stops at equilibrium.

Active Transport: requires energy in the form of ATP. ·    Capable of moving solute particles against the conc. gradient (from low conc. to high conc.) ·    Uses transport/carrier proteins (protein pumps) embedded in the plasma membrane. ·    Carrier proteins are specific for the molecules that they allow through. The carrier protein changes shape which requires energy (ATP).

More Active Transport Endocytosis: a process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole). Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-Mediated -“Cell Drinking” -Nonspecific molecules -Intake of small droplets of liquid -“Cell eating” -Intake of solids Specific Molecules 1.   Molecule binds to receptor protein 2.   Complex migrates to “coated” pit 3.   Pit pinches off forming a vacuole Types of Endocystosis:  

Last Active Transport Exocytosis: a process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

Now have Wilson show you the video animation of endocytosis and exocytosis. The End!