Chpt. 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymers (many parts) constructed of Monomers

Connecting Monomers- Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- joining monomers loss of water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- joining monomers loss of water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Connecting Monomers- Dehydration reaction Hydrolysis- this takes energy Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule (reaction occurs b/c of enzymes)

Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water) Adding water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water) Adding water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water) Adding water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Breaking apart polymers Hydrolysis- (break w/ water) Adding water molecule Hydrolysis- Breaking apart polymer Adding water molecule

Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates- Function = fuel Structure = 3 types:

Carbohydrates- structure:

1) Monosaccharides Single Sugar molecule = structure

Monosaccharides fuel for cellular use = function ex. glucose

Monosaccharides BTW: form rings in aqueous solution Single Sugar Fuel for cellular function BTW: form rings in aqueous solution

Monosaccharides - Multiple of CH2O ex. C6 H12 O6

Monosaccharides - ALDOSE - C=O-H from end KETOSE- C=O off middle

2) Disaccharides

2) Disaccharides two sugar monomers = Structure (joined by a glycosidic linkage via. dehydration synthesis)

2) Disaccharides

3) Polysaccharides many monomers = structure

Polysaccharides Functions: energy storage starch (plant) glycogen (animal)

Polysaccharides Functions: Structural/ support polysaccharides = cellulose chitin

Do you see the difference?

Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Lipids- Types: Fats Phospholipid Steriods hydrophobic

Why are these molecules hydrophobic ???????????????????

Lipids- (hydrophobic) 1) Fats - functions: -energy storage -insulation / cushion

Fats- structure 1 Glycerol (alcohol) + Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion

Fats- structure 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +3 fatty acid chains Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic Energy storage Cushion +3 fatty acid chains

Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +

Types of Lipids: 2) Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains +

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- 1 Glycerol (alcohol) +2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

Types of Lipids: Phospholipids- Phosphate group = hydrophilic Cell membrane Fatty acid chain = hydrophobic

Hydrophilic head WATER WATER Hydrophobic tails

Types of Lipids: 3) Steroids C-skeleton = 4 fused rings + functional group cholesterol, sex hormones, sheath of neurons

Macromolecules (large molecules): Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Amino Acids H amino group carboxyl C R 20 types

Proteins- Structure = one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

Proteins- one or more polypeptides- polymer of amino acids

Amino Acids 20 types H C R Determined by various side chains amino group carboxyl C Determined by various side chains R 20 types

Amino Acids

Evolutionary Significance All living things use various combinations of the SAME twenty amino acids. A VERY POWERFUL bit of evidence for the connection of all living things!

Proteins- functions = support, storage, signaling, transport of substances, signaling, enzymes.

Proteins- 4 levels of structure 1) Primary- precise, linear sequence of amino acids. amino -    - carboxyl group group

Sequence of a.a. determines HOW the protein works Form follows function

Nonpolar Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Leucine (Leu) Isoleucine (Ile) Nonpolar Methionine (Met) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Proline (Pro)

Polar Serine (Ser) Threonine (Thr) Cysteine (Cys) Tyrosine (Tyr) Asparagine (Asn) Glutamine (Gln)

Electrically charged Acidic Basic Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu) Lysine (Lys) Arginine (Arg) Histidine (His)

Proteins: 4 levels of structure 2) Secondary- folded portions of chain/H-bonds -Alpha helix (coil) -Beta helix (pleated sheet)

Abdominal glands of the spider secrete silk fibers that form the web. The spiral strands (capture strands) are elastic, stretching in response to wind, rain, and the touch of insects. The radiating strands, made of dry silk fibers, maintain the shape of the web. Spider silk: a structural protein Containing b pleated sheets

Proteins- 4 levels of structure 3) Tertiary- -3-D -bonding between side chains (3 types)

Proteins- 4 levels of structure 4) Quaternary- -several polypeptide chains

insulin

Catalase - we will use this in our lab!

Normal cells are Fibers of abnormal full of individual Red blood cell shape Red blood cell shape Red blood cell shape Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape. Normal cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform cell into sickle shape.

Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin Primary structure Primary structure Exposed hydrophobic region Secondary and tertiary structures Secondary and tertiary structures b subunit b subunit Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view) Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin Function Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Function Molecules interact with one another to crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced.

Nucleic Acids- DNA RNA Programs ALL cellular function

Nucleic Acids- Composed of: nitrogenous base, 5-Carbon sugar, phosphate group = NUCLEOTIDE

Pyrimidines- (T,C, U) Purines-(A,G) Nitrogenous Bases- bases are complementary: