Satoshi Murao CASM Asia Chair/CCOP Coordinator Human Security and ASM Satoshi Murao CASM Asia Chair/CCOP Coordinator

Vietnam construction materials, copper ore, lead-zinc, tin, iron, chromite, titanium, apatite, kaolin, feldspar, gold, molibdenum, nickel, antimony, barite, fluorite, gemstone, Phosphorite

From Miners’ Point of View short mining leases water shortage during dry season higher cost if use monitor to mine (also safety problem) higher fuel cost high cost of construction high cost of dewatering mine hole if heavy rain. poor ore recovery – tin ore end up in the tailings. higher cost of spare parts e.g. pumps, liners, pipes etc.

From Miners’ Point of View mining on worked out area (@ much greater depth) – stability problems injury/dearth of mine workers discharge of waste water into main streams lack of tailing pond

Human Security We need to find a concept which people can refer to for effective integration of piecemeal activities into a concerted cooperation. ASM problems are collectively understood as threat to human life. We can bring the concept Human Security . In the light of this concept, we can integrate different approach to draw a clear picture what should be done in each community.

What is Human Security? Human security aims at “protecting people from critical and pervasive threats to human lives, livelihoods and dignity.” Negative issues of artisanal and small scale mining are regarded threats to human lives, livelihoods and dignity. The essence of Human Security is “to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedom and human fulfillment.” Then it is quite clear that the artisanal and small scale mining should be handled in the light of this new concept.

What is the method to materialize Human Security in the ASM context? In case of ASM, problems are often related or amalgamated, and people feel vague anxiety. If we introduce risk management, “threats” are expressed as sum of various kinds of risks. Threat = environmental risk + health risk + physical risk + economical risk + social risk +…

Risk management Hazard identification Risk assessment (= dismantling vague uneasy feeling into specific risks) Countermeasures Risk management planning (= Prioritization of risks in order) Risk communication between professionals and people  Who does this? Professionals or local people?

The Content analysis of the drawings Proportion of variance explained is 81.4% in the first dimension. The risk of "the cave-in in the tunnel" is near to small miner group. The risk of the "mercury" "landslide" "air pollution" "water pollution" "dumping of the waste" are near to the expert group. No risk event is particularly near to the citizen group. Nao Sato et al. (2007)

The Content analysis of the drawings Proportion of variance explained is 74.1% in the first dimension “The center of the paper" "a drawing is extremely small" are near to the miner group “Drawn in most of paper" "many numbers of risk event are expressed " are near to the expert group “The upper left of the paper" is near to the citizen group Nao Sato et al. (2007)

Conclusion Human Security is in concordance with such idea that ASM miners and local people themselves should be the prime mover. It can be a reference of our consideration and actions in terms of ASM. In order to achieve the goal, community should be the center of deliberation, and they should be empowered and educated. 3. Risk management can be a generic methodology in ASM where different problems and issues are found place by place. 4. It should be the local community who identify the risks; determine the prioritization what risk should be treated first and what risk second; what kind of plan is appropriate; which scientific agency can assist them.