Europe and Russia Human Geography

Physical features cause cultural barriers…

Subregions of Europe

Regions of Europe Eurozone? Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Regions of Europe Schengen Area? Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Let’s clear something up Great Britain is an island that includes England Scotland Wales United Kingdom is the name of a country Includes: All on the island of Great Britain Northern Ireland. United Kingdom Island of

Introduction Different climates, landforms, agricultural output Europe is diverse Different climates, landforms, agricultural output 37 different countries Many different languages and cultures Long history of warfare, mostly along national lines Europe is globalizing, was a major colonial power European Union, a supranational organization Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia broke up; Germany is reunited Beginning of the Industrial Revolution Center of 19th century imperialism What is imperialism?

The European Realm (culture region of influence) Results of: classical civilizations, Christianity, the Renaissance & Reformation, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions. Industrial Revolution started here: This greatly altered many kinds of relationships in the world. The various countries within the realm have a history of interaction among themselves. Has been highly influenced by “Western Culture”

Themes of Geography: Factors to Europe’s Historical Success Place: climate conducive to production Location: access to major waterways, centrally located (hearth) Human Environment Interaction: abundance of coal and iron ore (makes steel!) >>> Movement: maritime dominance, imperialism (What is imperialism?)

Supranationalism European Union Began as European Economic Community Mission: common foreign policies and mutual security agreements, greater economic integration and common currency Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994 10 new members joined, 2004 Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance. Why? Conflict in Ukraine? Russia vs. EU

Why do states cooperate (or not)? SUPRANATIONALISM When 3+ states forging associations for mutual benefit and pursuit of shared goals, but give up some autonomy in doing so. States seeking common economic, political, and cultural ground by joining unions created to benefit participants and disadvantage others Leads to the creation of other supranational orgs for those left out Most successful example: EU?? DEVOLUTION The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy. The disintegration of a state along regional lines Propelled by forces that divide and destabilize Examples: Former Czechoslovakia and Scotland

TIME OUT! Turn to a partner and answer these questions together… Explain what the European Realm is and what has influenced it? Analyze what has contributed to Europe’s historical success. What are the purposes of the European Union?

Settlement and Population Population Density in the Core and Periphery - 523 million people in Europe (more than half a billion) - Highest densities (lots of people in smaller area) located in historic industrial core (England, Netherlands, N. France, N. Italy, Western Germany)

Settlement and Population The Landscapes of Urban Europe Europe is highly urbanized 75% of population live in urban settlements (cities); 90% of the people in the UK and Belgium live in urban areas. Less than 20% of population engages in agriculture Import a lot of food

Mediterranean Agriculture Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean, Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is mountainous. Highly valuable crops olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat

Settlement and Population

Europe has been able to sustain primate cities due to their long history of development, small country sizes, and quick access to highly developed neighboring countries

Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Compared to U.S. Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

Types of boundaries Fragmented state??? Examples in Europe? Exclave: a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory. Kaliningrad: annexed by USSR after WWII, today is naval base for Russia as well as a strategic trade and business center for relations with EU countries.

Types of boundaries Religious Boundary Examples? Language Boundary

Types of settlements Micro-states: states (countries) with very small land area Monaco, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Malta City-state: a sovereign state that comprises a town and surrounding countryside Athens in Ancient Greece

Settlement and Population Natural Growth: The Demographic Transition Model Europe continues to experience slow natural growth (birth rates lower than or almost equal to death rates What stage is this? New Stage? Immigration prevents population decline… Where have we seen this? Causes? Effects?

Europe’s Population Implosion Shrinking population rather than a growing population – below Zero Population Growth (ZPG) Reaction to urbanization and the expense of raising children in urban/industrial societies fertility rates in some countries have dropped below 2.1 Industrialization and urbanization usually move a country to the fourth stage of the demographic transition

Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

TIME OUT! Let’s answer these questions together… Where do most people live in Europe? What does high-density population mean? What 2 countries have highest urban populations? What stage of the DTM is most of Europe in? Why? What are causes and effects of this?

Migration into Europe Immigration has increased because of job opportunities Europeans take mostly higher level, skilled jobs…leave lower level, physical labor jobs. EU working to establish common immigration policy throughout region Guest workers – migrant workers from other countries Germany has large immigrant population Additional migration from Eastern to Western Europe in the 1990’s (after what?)

EU facilitates movement of workers to developed Areas – problem in economic downturn

Let’s read about a specific case study on immigration in Germany!

Migration Migration to and Within Europe Causes? Effects? Growing resistance to unlimited migration Scarce jobs should go to Europeans first Concerns about international terrorism Frustration with immigrants not integrating Concern about dilution (?) of national culture

Social services of Europe Government services Education Public medical & health care (almost all European) Retirement Europe's Generous pension systems France recently raised the retirement age from 60 to 62 and the pension age, which determines when people can begin accessing their pension funds, from 65 to 67. The French government says it can no longer afford the earlier retirement and pension ages. France is not the only country facing a budget crunch partially because of its generous pension system, coupled with an aging population and a struggling economy. Across Europe, home to many of the world's most generous national pension systems, countries are struggling to afford this staple of the welfare state.  WHAT IS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS???

Religion The Schism Between Western and Eastern Christianity Division in 1054 of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches Greek missionaries refused to accept Roman Catholic hierarchy and rule by Roman bishops 16th century Protestant Reformation, break from Catholic church in Northern Europe

Religion Hierarchical religion: has a well-defined geographic structure and organized territory into local administrative units Catholicism Autonomous religion: highly self-sufficient, interaction among communities is confined to little more than loose cooperation and shared ideas Islam, Protestantism (Baptist) Easy for universalism and conversion

Religion Europe is becoming a secularized society Secularization: movement away from traditional organized religions Roman Catholicism (250 million Roman Catholics) Southern and parts of Eastern Europe, Ireland Protestantism (fewer than 100 million Protestants) Northern Europe (not Ireland) and Scandinavia Eastern Orthodox Christianity Balkans, Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria Judaism (diaspora; history of empires exiling Jews from their homeland migrated to settlements) Balkans, Eastern Europe

Religions of Europe (Fig. 8.19)

Islam in Europe WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>> Conflicts with Islam Currently fastest growing religion in Europe Migrant population changing religious demographics of Europe Effects of cultural shift? WATCH THIS VIDEO AND TAKE NOTES >>> https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/03/daily-chart-15 http://time.com/3671514/islam-europe/

Eastern Europe is Culturally Diverse! Many different ethnic groups of people all living in the same place Leads to multiple Languages & Religions Religion: Major ones are Eastern Orthodox Christians, Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism Result: = conflict

Let’s read about a specific case study regarding ethnic conflict and language in Eastern Europe.

Yugoslavia (nationality conflict) Balkan (language conflict)

Conflicts over National Identities In Eastern Europe, there have been frequent conflicts over ethnic identities Why? Centuries of foreign rule = ethnic groups want to fiercely protect their ethnic heritage Wanted to become “nation-states” Fought over who should rule territory Led to “Balkanization”: process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units

Eastern Europe’s economy Economic Transition in Eastern Europe Historically, Eastern Europe has been less well developed than Western Europe Has been under control of outsiders (Ottoman Turks, Germans, Soviet Russians) Soviet Russians redeveloped Eastern Europe after WWII as communist, slowing down their goal towards development “A 47-nation 2007 Pew Global Attitudes survey found that, among the seven major world regions included in the study, support for free markets was lowest in Eastern Europe and Latin America.

Explain this cartoon!

Balto-Slavic language branch Part of the Indo-European Family Migration of Slavic speakers created new distinct languages but share common ancestry Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusan, Polish, Czech, Slovak Serbo-Croatian? Euroslav?

Germanic language branch Part of the Indo-European Family German, English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian Germanic tribes invaded England 1500 years ago and their language evolved into English

Language Isolated language: A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family. Basque: only surviving language spoken from before Indo-European speakers (before written language!) 600,000 speakers in Northern Spain and southwestern France Isolation in Pyrenees Mountains has helped preserve language https://www.omniglot.com/writing/basque.htm

EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TODAY Europe’s challenges vary. Western Europe is one of the wealthiest areas on earth Progressive approach to environment Ideas of nationalism are giving way to supranationalism and one currency/economic unit. Europe must deal with immigrants and resulting political tension, and address political problems in other regions Eastern Europe faces very different challenges Political strife and instability Economic stagnation Environmental degradation (pollution) Eastern Europe wishes to join the west

Rise of nationalism in Europe Economic recession in Europe has led to citizens showing massive discontent with their governments Often times, other citizens and migrants are also the cause for blame for a country’s downfall Extremist groups have used this anger to gain support for right and left wing support causing massive protests and riot in the street of Europe.

Rise of nationalism in Europe Nationalism: patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. An extreme form of nationalism is marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. Xenophobia: intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.

HBO Vice Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff