Forests in Poland and Europe. Characteristics and management FILIP LISEWSKI JEDRZEJ SZLACHCIAK MICHAL TRZUSTKOWSKI

Kinds of forests in Europe: Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forest

Coniferous forests They are found in particular in a weak soil podzol, here we will observe all sorts species of pine, spruce, larch, as well as the poplar, aspen, birch and mountain ash. Forest fleece is an excellent space for cowberries, heather and bilberries. On account of their dominating kind, we can also divide coniferous forests:

Pine dry - how the name is pointing they grow on the dry soil and in them a Scots pine is dominating, forest fleece is nothing else like mosses and lichens, Pine fresh - here the soil is quite humid, and in forest fleece is dominating heather, cowberries, bilberries, it is possible of theses deciduouses, Pine-marsh - here peat base is found in a boggy soil, here smaller trees are appearing, and will tumble down we will find mosses above all.

Deciduous forests Types of forests which character is changing oneself equally with the change of the geographical area, i.e. with the climate change. In the moderate zone in which we live, deciduous forests are losing leaves for the winter, however of May very rich nap which in spring again is being developed. In Poland we distinguish different kinds of deciduous forests, and their characteristics depend on the species composition and the humidity prevailing in the forest. Here how they look:

Broadleaved forests - forests with the predominating oak, the hornbeam and the clone, seated on the fertile dark brown soil Alder carr - are covering areas, where the highest levels of groundwaters are. All through the year we are observing marsh base there, where areas periodically are staying flooded Wetlands - leaf-shaped tree stands, grow on fertile base which partly is being poured, over mainly is appearing by the water, in forest valleys

Mixed forest Above all appearing of pine, oak, larch, spruce, birches, aspens are characterized and of the poplar. These forests grow on brown earths and podzol and what's more we can just most often come across these forests on lowland.

Example

Coniferous forests Coniferous forests

Deciduous forests Deciduous forests

Mixed forest Mixed forest

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