Why Quantify Landscape Pattern?

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Presentation transcript:

Why Quantify Landscape Pattern? Comparison (space & time) Study areas Landscapes Inference Agents of pattern formation Link to ecological processes

Programs for Quantifying Landscape Pattern FRAGSTATS http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/Metrics/Metrics%20TOC.htm Patch Analyst http://flash.lakeheadu.ca/~rrempel/patch/

Quantifying Landscape Pattern Just because one can measure it, doesn’t mean one should Does the metric make sense?...biologically relevant? Avoid correlated metrics Cover the bases (comp., config., conn.)

Landscape Metrics - Considerations Selecting Metrics…… Subset of metrics needed that: i) explain (capture) variability in pattern ii) minimize redundancy (i.e., correlation among metrics = multicollinearity) O’Neill et al. (1988) Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology 1:153-162 i) eastern U.S. landscapes differentiated using dominance contagion fractal dimension

Landscape Metrics - Considerations Selecting Metrics…… Use species-based metrics Use Principal Components Analysis (PCA)? Use Ecologically Scaled Landscape Indices (ESLI; landscape indices, scale of species, and relationship to process)

Quantifying Pattern: Corridors Internal: Width Contrast Env. Gradient External: Length Curvilinearity Alignment Connectivity (gaps)

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Levels: Patch-level Metrics for indiv. patches Class-level Metrics for all patches of given type or class Zonal or Regional Metrics pooled over 1 or more classes within subregion of landscape Landscape-level Metrics pooled over all patch classes over entire extent

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Composition: Variety & abundance of elements Configuration: Spatial characteristics & dist’n of elements

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Composition: Mean (or mode, median, min, max) Internal heterogeneity (var, range) Spatial Characters: Area (incl. core areas) Perimeter Shape

Quantifying Pattern: Landscapes (patch based) Composition: Number of patch type Patch richness Proportion of each type Proportion of landscape Diversity Shannon’s Diversity Index Simpson’s Divesity Index Evenness Shannon’s Evenness Index Simpson’s Index

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Configuration: Patch Size & Density Mean patch size Patch density Patch size variation Largest patch index

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Configuration: Shape Complexity Shape Index Fractal Dimension Fractals = measure of shape complexity (also amount of edge) Fractal dimension (d) ranges from 1.0 (simple shapes) to 2.0 (more complex shapes) ln(A)/ln(P), where A = area, P = perimeter

Quantifying Pattern: Patches Configuration: Core Area (interior habitat) # core areas Core area density Core area variation Mean core area Core area index

Quantifying Pattern: Patches, Zonal Configuration: Isolation / Proximity Proximity index Mean nearest neighbor distance

Proximity Index (PXi) = measure of relative isolation of patches; high (absolute) values indicate relative connectedness of patches