So how did the English language come to be?

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Presentation transcript:

So how did the English language come to be? Or. . . Who won?

The Vikings* & Saxons Constantly battled for control of England Languages in England merged to become Old English (synonymous with Anglo-Saxon) *another word for the peoples of Norway and Denmark. The word is actually a pursuit—”to go a-viking.”

King Alfred the Great (the ONLY “Great” in English history) because he kept united tribes to repel the Danes (another name for the norse) Treaty: He kept London & Wessex; Vikings kept the Danelaw (North and East England) because he commissioned the Anglo-Saxon chronicles of Britain from the time of Caesar’s invasion to be written in ANGLO-SAXON (ENGLISH) NOT LATIN!!

Alfred Jewel "AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN", "Alfred ordered me to be made" In the Ashmolean in Oxford

Two Religious Centers Arose York—Northern England Canterbury—Southern England

The Vikings Win, sort of . . . Ethelred the Unready -weak king -took throne at age 11 was defeated by King Canute/Knut, who was crowned King of ALL England, 1016 (this lasted until another set of Vikings/Norse, the Normans, conquered in 1066.)

Old English/Anglo-Saxon The emergence of a written language.

Anglo-Saxon/Old English Language spoken and written from about the 5th to 11th centuries around the time of the Battle of Hastings (1066). Standardized in 10th century through influence of dominant kingdom of Wessex. Based on runic script. More than ½ of our modern words have AS origins

Old English Words & Modern Equivalents Wicu Cyning (c-k) Scort (sc=sh) Gærs Eorþ (þ & ð= th) deor cniht Modern English Week King Short Grass Earth Deer (orig. wild beast) Knight (orig. youth)

The Book of Kells Tradition: Written by St. Columba Housed in Ireland at Kells Monastery St. Aidan—illuminator (founded Lindesfarne) Written in Latin

Lindesfarne Gospels Mixes Celtic tradition with Saxon Art Monastery kept learning alive in the “Dark Ages” Of Viking invasion

What are the black words between the lines? Illuminated pages --Latin interlaced with OE translation English added to the Latin around 970 A.D. –First English translation of the Gospels (Very significant in light of later controversies over English Bibles)

To recap: Old English influenced by Celtic languages (fewer than 1 doz words) Latin—big influence Anglo-Saxon Old Norse Now, see if you can translate something. . .