Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Producers and Consumers Lesson 2: Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 3: Matter in Ecosystems Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

13.1 Producers and Consumers ecology producer photosynthesis consumer protozoan herbivore carnivore omnivore decomposer scavenger

Ecosystems An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Ecosystems An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors. Ecology is the study of the interactions between living things and their environment.

13.1 Producers and Consumers Producers are organisms that use light energy from the Sun or energy from chemical reactions to make their own food. Only a few types of producers on Earth make food without energy. Producers use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, which they use as food.

13.1 Producers and Consumers Producers (cont.)

13.1 Producers and Consumers The Sun Photosynthesis is a process that some producers use to make their own food using light energy.

Plants Most green plants are producers. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Plants Most green plants are producers. Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide and make simple sugars. These sugars are a source of energy and carbon.

13.1 Producers and Consumers Protists and Bacteria Some protists are producers, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and euglenas. Some bacteria, called cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis.

13.1 Producers and Consumers Chemosynthesis Some bacteria make food using energy from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis. Some chemosynthetic bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight never reaches.

Consumers Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Consumers Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food. All animals are consumers because they eat other organisms or their wastes. Some consumers eat producers, and some eat other consumers. Some consumers, such as protozoans, are single-celled.

Types of Consumers Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. Carnivores are animals that only eat other animals. Omnivores are animals that eat other animals and plants.

Types of Consumers (cont.) 13.1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers (cont.) Scavengers are organisms that eat dead animals. Decomposers break down dead organisms, and animal droppings, and other wastes produced by living things.

13.1 Producers and Consumers B C D _____ is the science of the interactions of living things and their environments. A Chemistry B Biology C Ecology D Environmentalism Lesson 1 Review

13.1 Producers and Consumers B C D What process do some bacteria that are deep in the ocean use and make food? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C decomposition D consumption Lesson 1 Review

13.1 Producers and Consumers B C D Which consumer breaks down dead organisms and wastes produced by living things? A decomposers B herbivores C omnivores D scavengers Lesson 1 Review

End of Lesson 1

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems food chain food web primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer

Energy Through the Ecosystems 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Through the Ecosystems Energy moves one way through an ecosystem—from producers to consumers and decomposers. Organisms do not create or destroy energy; they change it from one form to another.

Food as Energy Energy passes through ecosystems as food. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food as Energy Energy passes through ecosystems as food.

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Chains A food chain is an illustration of how energy moves though an ecosystem.

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs An ecosystem contains more than one type of producer, and most organisms eat more than one type of food. A food web is a more complicated model of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs (cont.)

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids An energy pyramid is a diagram that shows how much energy is available to each type of consumer. The bottom layer has the most available energy and contains the producers. The middle layers contain primary consumers and secondary consumers. The small top layer has the least available energy and contains tertiary consumers.

Energy Pyramids (cont.) 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Temperate Deciduous Forest

Energy Pyramids (cont.) 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Desert

Energy Pyramids (cont.) 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Tropical Rainforest

Releasing Thermal Energy 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Releasing Thermal Energy All organisms release some energy in food as thermal energy. This is why less energy is available with each step up an energy pyramid. How is energy transferred through a community of organisms?

Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem? 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem? A food chain B food pyramid C food web D energy pyramid Lesson 2 Review

What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent? 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent? A primary consumers B producers C tertiary consumers D herbivores Lesson 2 Review

13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D The energy in an energy pyramid is dependent on the number of _____ in an ecosystem. A producers B tertiary consumers C primary consumers D secondary consumers Lesson 2 Review

End of Lesson 2

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle carbon cycle

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Cycles of Matter The amount of matter—anything that has mass and takes up space—on Earth never changes. Elements that make up matter cycle among living things and between abiotic and biotic environments.

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle Nitrifying bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogen that plants can take up through their roots. The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere.

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Phosphorus Cycle The phosphorus cycle describes how phosphorus moves from soil to producers and consumers, and back to soil.

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems The Carbon Cycle The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the living and nonliving environments. Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, starches, and many other compounds that make up living things.

The Carbon Cycle (cont.) 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems The Carbon Cycle (cont.)

_____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. A Matter B Carbon 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D _____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. A Matter B Carbon C Nitrogen D Phosphorus Lesson 3 Review

13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D What process changes nitrogen into a form that plants can take up through their roots? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C nitrogen cycling D carbon cycling Lesson 3 Review

Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches? 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches? A nitrogen B phosphorus C oxygen D carbon Lesson 3 Review

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Green plants are ____. A consumers B producers C scavengers D decomposers Chapter Assessment 1

What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? A producers B C D What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? A producers B algae C consumers D chemosynthetic Chapter Assessment 2

What does a food chain show? A how carbon moves through an ecosystem B how consumers move through an ecosystem C how producers move through an ecosystem D how energy moves through an ecosystem Chapter Assessment 3

What does an energy pyramid represent? B C D What does an energy pyramid represent? A how much matter is in an ecosystem B how much energy is available in an ecosystem C which consumers eat which producers D the number of species in an ecosystem Chapter Assessment 4

Most humans are _____. A producers B scavengers C herbivores D omnivores Chapter Assessment 5

What to herbivores eat? A animals B plants C plants and animals SCI 5.c A B C D What to herbivores eat? A animals B plants C plants and animals D dead matter CA Standards Practice 1

Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth? SCI 5.c A B C D Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth? A Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches. B Carbon allows sunlight to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. C Carbon keeps harmful UV rays from entering Earth’s atmosphere. D Carbon is broken down during decomposition of plants and animals. CA Standards Practice 2

SCI 5.a A B C D Which level in an energy pyramid has the least amount of available energy? A bottom layer B first middle layer C second middle layer D top layer CA Standards Practice 3

What do secondary consumers eat? A primary consumers B producers SCI 5.a A B C D What do secondary consumers eat? A primary consumers B producers C primary consumers and producers D secondary producers CA Standards Practice 4

What is the main source of energy for most producers? A light SCI 5.a A B C D What is the main source of energy for most producers? A light B nitrification C chemosynthesis D scavenging CA Standards Practice 5

Image Bank

Interactive Table

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