Earthwork operations- are those that involve the earth in its natural form, which need to be undertaken before the actual construction of the pavement structure. Thus all the processes pertaining to grading and construction of the roadbed, which include clearing and grubbing, excavation, construction of embankments and finishing operations for the preparation of highway or runway are earthwork operations. Construction of bituminous pavements- The bulk bituminous pavement construction is hot laid. The majority of bituminous pavements fall into five categories, namely bituminous concrete, plant mix, penetration or bituminous macadam, road mix and surface treatment

Pavement structure & Designs Definition of Pavement types Historically, pavements have been divided into two broad categories-flexible and Rigid Flexible pavement may consist of a relatively thin wearing surface built over a base course and sub base course and they rest upon the compacted sub grade. In contrast, rigid pavements are made up of portland cement concrete and may or may not have a base course between the pavement and sub grade. Highway, Railroad and Airport Compared

Design of Flexible Pavement A flexible pavement combines layers of generally different materials in a structural system designed to withstand the cumulative effects of traffic and climate to the extent that, for a pre-determined period, the foundation or sub grade is adequately protected and vehicle operating costs, safety and comfort of the road users are kept within tolerable limits. Basic inputs required for pavement thickness design include, some measure of sub grade strength, the range in climatic conditions, the characteristics of available materials, and estimate of cumulative traffic loading.

Design methods Methods of flexible pavement design can be classified into five categories; Empirical method Limiting shear failure method Limiting deflection method Regression method Mechanistic-Empirical method