Time, Self and Mind (ATS1835) Introduction to Philosophy B Semester 2, 2015 Dr Ron Gallagher ron.gallagher@monash.edu Office Hours: Clayton: Thu 1-2pm E664 (please email for appointment) Week 4: Mind Dualism versus Materialism about the Mind

Time - Introduction and Time Travel Week Beginning Topic Assessment Readings W1 27-Jul-14 Time - Introduction and Time Travel   Readings 1.1 & 1.2 W2 03-Aug-14 Time Travel; Freedom, Determinism, and Indeterminism Readings 1.5 & 1.6 (sections 1-2 & 6-10) W3 10-Aug-14 Logic Primer AT1 Mon August 10, 10am Readings 2.1-2.2 W4 17-Aug-14 Mind- Dualism versus Materialism about the Mind Readings 3.1-3.2 W5 24-Aug-14 Mind - Can Machines Think? Computationalism and the Turing Test Readings 3.3 W6 31-Aug-14 Mind - Can Machines Think? Objections to Computationalism AT2 Mon Aug 31st, 10am Reading 3.4 W7 07-Sep-14 Self - Lockean Psychological Theory and Identity Readings 4.1-4.3 W8 14-Sep-14 Self - Identity, the Body & Person Stages Readings 4.4-4.5 W9 21-Sep-14 Knowledge What is Knowledge and Gettier's Account AT3 Mon Sep 21st, 10am Readings 5.1-5.2 28-Sep-14 Mid-semester Break W10 05-Oct-14 Knowledge - Nozick's Account and Scepticism Readings 5.3-5.4 W11 12-Oct-14 Knowledge - The Moorean Response AT4 Essay Mon Oct 12th Readings 5.5 W12 19-Oct-14 Revision (no lectures, no tutorials)

Assessment Hurdle Requirements to Pass this Unit Due Date Assessment Task Value Mondays 10am Reading Quizzes (10) 5% (bonus) Mon Aug 10th AT1 (@600 words) 10% Mon Aug 31st AT2 (@600 words) Mon Sep 21st AT3 (@600 words) Mon Oct 12th AT4 Essay (@1250 words) 30% TBA   Exam 40% Hurdle Requirements to Pass this Unit Your overall grade for the unit must be at least 50% You must achieve a grade of 40% or more on the final exam You must not fail more than one assessment task (not including Reading Quizzes) You cannot miss more than 3 tutorials

Clayton Lectures and Tutorials

Caulfield Lectures and Tutorials

EXAMPLE OF AN INCONSISTENT SET These 3 statements form an inconsistent set Fred is good at logic. Nobody who failed this test is good at logic. Fred failed this test. It is not logically possible that all statements in the set are true.

A set of sentences is said to be consistent if and only if there is at least one possible situation in which they are all true. So, the following set of sentences is consistent: Grass is green. It is not the case that the moon is green. Most humans have ten fingers. Grasshoppers have six legs and dogs have four. Earth is a cube.

The house is not all green. Contradictory The difference between a contradictory pair of sentences and an inconsistent pair. (From page 75 of ATS1835 Reader) The house is all green. The house is not all green. Contradictory The house is all blue. Inconsistent Test: If one is false is the other necessarily true?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hLubgpY2_w

What is the mind? [Maybe it’s the wrong question] What is intelligence? What is thinking? What is reasoning? What is calculating? What is self-awareness? What is consciousness? What is language? What are emotions? What is inquisitivenesss? What is creativity? What is learning?

AT2: Logic & Mind In your own words, explain what a good argument is, as defined in this class. Using an example of your own, break down entirely the idea of a good argument, along the following lines. What is an argument? What are the main components of arguments? In saying that an argument is good, which two virtues are we primarily concerned with? How can these virtues come apart? (Thoroughly explain your answer in your own words, and be sure to define any key terms and positions. 300 words max.) (2) In his meditation, Descartes concludes that he is in essence an immaterial thing. How does he reach this conclusion exactly? (Thoroughly explain your answer in your own words, and be sure to define any key terms and positions. 300 words max.) 

MULTIPLE-CHOICE Why does Descartes hold that he is essentially a thinking thing? Because: a. He can conceive of himself as existing without being extended. b. He cannot conceive of himself as existing without thinking. c. He can conceive of his body as existing without thinking. d. He cannot conceive of his body as existing without being extended.

Descartes’ analysis of mind and matter Descartes is interested in the essential properties of things: the properties that cannot be stripped off a thing without stopping the thing from being what it is. He finds, via the cogito, that the essence of the mental is to be thinking – it’s a res cogitans. The essence of the material is to have extension – it’s res extensa. The key tool is to ask whether there is any contradiction involved in conceiving of the thing without a given property – if there is, then that property is essential for that thing. On the other hand, if it is possible to split the thing apart from the property without making the thing cease to be what it is – if for example god could do it (see Med 6) – then they are distinct.

From Descartes Discourse on Method (1637) I then considered attentively what I was; and I saw that while I could feign that I had no body, that there was no world, and no place existed for me to be in, I could not feign that I was not; on the contrary, from the mere fact that I thought of doubting about other truths it evidently and certainly followed that I existed. On the other hand, if I had merely ceased to be conscious, even if everything else that I had ever imagined had been true, I had no reason to believe that I should still have existed. From this I recognized that I was a substance whose whole essence and nature is to be conscious and whose being requires no place and depends on no material thing. Thus this self, that is to say the soul, by which I am what I am, is entirely distinct from the body, and is even more easily known; and even if the body were not there at all the soul would be just what it is. Descartes: Philosophical Writings, translated and edited by E. Anscombe and P. T. Geach (1971)

Mind versus matter in Descartes’ universe MATTER The ‘essence’ of matter is extension (taking up space) Matter has no mental properties at all; only shape, size and motion Matter is divisible; physical things have parts Matter can be destroyed MIND The ‘essence’ of mind is thinking (consciousness) Minds have no mass, shape or size. They no location in space Minds are not divisible; they do not literally have parts Minds are indestructible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDUVCcknlJY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3a2FFoRpzQ

Interactionism Mind 18

Parallelism Mind 19

Epiphenomenalism X Mind 20

Anthropomorphism & Anthropocentrism Anthropomorphism : we project human characteristics onto animals and things. Anthropocentrism: we see things from a human perspective and judge intelligence and other criteria for personhood by human standards.

Which has a mind? Which thinks? Which has consciousness? http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/amoeba.html

Equal Pay for monkeys http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dMoK48QGL8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KSryJXDpZo http://alicebot.blogspot.com.au/ Self Recognition https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJFo3trMuD8 Kanzi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Dhc2zePJFE

http://www.cyc.com/ Chinese Room 60 Seconds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TryOC83PH1g Winner of 2013 Loebner Prize http://www.mitsuku.com/ Quite Interesting - Asimo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdyMBtCcGvs COG - Rodney Brooks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olvHuifsI7I CYC - Douglas Lenat http://www.cyc.com/

Cognitive Science Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. Its intellectual origins are in the mid-1950s when researchers in several fields began to develop theories of mind based on complex representations and computational procedures. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cognitive-science/

Functionalism Functionalism in the philosophy of mind is the doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/

What is the mind? [Maybe it’s the wrong question] What is intelligence? What is thinking? What is reasoning? What is calculating? What is self-awareness? What is consciousness? What is language? What are emotions? What is inquisitivenesss? What is creativity? What is learning?