Chapter 2 Organizing Public Security in the United States 1-

Introduction The public security industry is enormous, expanding every year The U.S. security industry spends an immense amount of money and provides jobs for millions of people The security industry operates on all governmental levels The local level (villages, towns, counties, tribes, and cities), the state level, and the federal level There are a vast number and many different types of law enforcement jobs from which to choose Objective: To acquaint you with the many and diverse local, tribal, and state public agencies that enforce the law and ensure public safety in the United States 1-

The U.S. Public Security Industry OVERVIEW Extremely complex and expensive undertaking Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments The U.S. approach to law enforcement is unique Many employment opportunities in U.S. law enforcement at the federal, state, and local levels Objective: To acquaint you with the number and type of jobs available to you in policing Objective: To describe the size, scope, and functions of law enforcement agencies in the public sector 1-

Local Law Enforcement METROPOLITAN LAW ENFORCEMENT Most officers primarily perform patrol duties Spending more time on antiterrorism duties Larger metropolitan areas have overlapping jurisdictions COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT Patrolled by a sheriff’s department Duties of a county sheriff’s office vary Several different types of sheriff’s departments 1-

Local Law Enforcement RURAL AND SMALL-TOWN LAW ENFORCEMENT Face serious problems because of their size Not having immediate backup Locally made methamphetamine Gangs are also becoming a problem Changing demographics Mostly short-lived and dissipate quickly 1-

Local Law Enforcement INDIAN COUNTRY AND TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT First regulated by the U.S. Army Jurisdictional confusion Governmental power to make or enforce laws in Indian country is divided Federal governments State governments Tribal governments 1-

Local Law Enforcement CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT Nearly all public campuses use sworn officers Working relationships with local law enforcement Nearly all provide 24-hour patrol services LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Cooperation with federal immigration officials “Don’t ask” policies Police Foundation report (2009) 1-

Local Law Enforcement LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE ERA OF REDUCED BUDGETS 2008 recession Governments fighting for financial resources Public still demands same level of service Volunteers Important Provide critical police services Courtesy of Scott Whittemore/Wellesley Police 1-

State Law Enforcement OVERVIEW 49 states have a primary enforcement agency Hawaii uses several statewide agencies Generally patrol small towns and state highways Responsibility to enforce some state laws Centralized model of state law enforcement Decentralized model of state law enforcement 1-

Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Legal and prosecutorial arm of the U.S. government National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Identification Division National Crime Information Center (NCIC) FBI Crime Laboratory Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Investigatory Activities Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) U.S. Marshals Service Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Operation Fast and Furious Courtesy of Gerald L. Nino/U.S. Border Patrol Objective: To introduce the numerous federal law enforcement agencies that enforce federal laws and regulations and assist local and state police departments 1-

Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture (EOAF) Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime (EOTF/FC) Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 1-

Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Established in March 2003 Merged 22 previously disparate domestic agencies Protection against further terrorist attacks U.S. Secret Service Objective: To alert you to the many changes made in U.S. public law enforcement following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States Courtesy of EPA/Michael Reynolds/Landov 1-

Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Law enforcement for the property under its purview Protects most of the nation’s historic icons Agents known as commissioned park rangers 2008 report by Inspector General Agency is understaffed Important sites are weakly guarded 1-

Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Army’s Criminal Investigation Division (CID) Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCID) Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) U.S. POSTAL SERVICE OTHER FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES JOINT FEDERAL AND LOCAL TASK FORCE APPROACH TO LAW ENFORCEMENT 1-

International Police OVERVIEW Interpol Worldwide organization Established for cooperation among nations Founded in 1923 United States became a member in 1938 Interpol’s main function is informational Headquarters are in France 1-

Summary Local, state, and federal criminal justice agencies employed about 2.4 million people Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments The United States does not have a national police force, unlike most other countries The U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous in both size and scope Local, state, and private agencies also reengineered themselves to address the need for homeland defense 1-