Ch. 4 Atomic Structure 4.1 Defining the Atom.

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Presentation transcript:

Ch. 4 Atomic Structure 4.1 Defining the Atom

Early Models of the Atom Democritus’s Atomic Philosophy He believed atoms were indivisible and idestructible. Philosophy because there is no experimental support video

Dalton’s Atomic Theory John Dalton (1766-1844) Theory because he had experimental support

Dalton’s vs. Modern Atomic Theory Elements are composed of tiny, indivisible atoms. Atoms of same element are identical Different elements can mix or react to make compounds. When chemical reactions occur, elements rearrange but no new elements. Elements are made of atoms BUT atoms are divisible. Atoms are not absolutely identical. Isotopes – different mass but same properties. Same as Dalton’s

4.2 Structure of the Atom

Location of Particles Nucleus (positive charge) Protons and Neutrons Electron Cloud (negative charge) Electrons video

Discovery!! Electrons Electrons were discovered: by J.J. Thomson in 1897 (don’t memorize date) Through experiments with a cathode ray tube Determined existence, negative charge and mass video

Protons and Neutrons Discovered! Protons were discovered: By Eugene Goldstein in 1886 Also through the use of cathode ray tubes Discovered positive charge Neutrons were discovered: By James Chadwick in 1932 By bombarding boron with alpha particles Discovered no charge

Nucleus Discovered!! Atomic theories: Chocolate chip cookie dough theory: Protons, neutrons were dough and electrons choc. Chips spread throughout. Rutherfords Gold Foil Experiment Bombarded gold foil with alpha particles and found some of the particles rebounded. Must be small hard center in middle of atom

Gold foil experiment http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/ruther14.swf Click on the above link.

Analogy Rutherford’s experiment v. firing a gun

Nucleus size Nucleus v. electron cloud Do you see the tiny star? *

Distinguishing among Atoms Ch. 4.3 Distinguishing among Atoms

Atomic Number/Mass Number Atomic Number: small whole number Atomic Mass/Mass Number: larger (numerically) number with decimal

Atomic Number/ Mass Number Atomic Number: # of p+ (in neutral atom also # of e-) Mass Number (rounded): # of p+ + # of n0 To find # of n = Mass # - Atomic # How many p, n, e- does Fe have?

Isotopes Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass number. What changed? Number of ____ changed.

Ions (not on website) Ions: charged atoms Ions: gain or lose ELECTRONS to become charged Cation: positively charged atom: lost e- Anion: negatively charged atom: gained e-

Ways to show isotopes Name-mass number Symbols of isotopes of carbon: Carbon-14 = isotope of Carbon-12 Symbols of isotopes of carbon:

Atomic Mass Atomic Mass: weighted average mass of all isotopes of an element. Same number as mass number (not rounded) Measured in a.m.u. = atomic mass unit

Calculating Average atomic mass What is the average atomic mass of Lithium? =0.446 =6.495 (add)

Calculating Average atomic mass What is the average atomic mass of Lithium? =0.446 =6.495 (add)