ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION. A. Basic concepts. 1 ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION A. Basic concepts 1. biological sciences a. anatomy b. physiology
2. requirements for life (environment around organism) a. water b. food c. oxygen d. temperature e. atmospheric pressure f. protection from radiation
3. characteristics of life (of the organism) a. movement b. metabolism c. homeostasis d. responsiveness e. growth and development f. adaptation g. reproduction
4. organization of life a. chemical/molecular level b. cellular level c. tissue level d. organ level e. organ system level f. organism
5. body systems a. integumentary b. skeletal c. muscular d. nervous e. endocrine f. cardiovascular/circulatory g. lymphatic h. digestive i. respiratory j. urinary k. reproductive
The Integumentary System Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
The Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs Provides a framework for muscles Blood cells formed within bones Stores minerals
The Muscular System Allows manipulation of environment Locomotion Facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat
The Nervous System Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external changes
The Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate Growth Reproduction Nutrient use
The Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
The Lymphatic System Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
The Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
The Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
The Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
6. body plan a. anatomical directions 1. superior 2. inferior 3. anterior 4. posterior 5. medial 6. intermediate 7. lateral 8. proximal 9. distal 10. superficial 11. deep 12. parietal 13. visceral 14. ipsilateral 15. contralateral 16. caudal 17. cranial
Orientation and Directional Terms
Orientation and Directional Terms digestive digestive
Orientation and Directional Terms
b. body planes 1. sagittal 2. transverse 3. frontal
c. body regions 1. axial 2. appendicular
d. body cavities 1. dorsal a. cranial b. vertebral/spinal
2. ventral a. thoracic b. abdominopelvic 3. oral/ buccal 4. nasal 5. orbital
Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants