Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

Russia Before Reform Tsars maintaining tight grip on conservative ideals of Russia (against ideas of French Revolution) 1825 failed Decembrist uprising by western-oriented officers inspired tighter control by tsar For some time avoided nationalist revolutions in the west but Poles began a series of rebellions based on nationalist pride Expansionist tendencies (Eastern Europe and Ottoman Empire) Peasants fell behind west in trade and technology. Serfdom still prevalent Behind militarily- Crimean War (1854-1856)

Reform in Russia 1861 Emancipation of Serfs (about the same time that the U.S. and Brazil abolish it) BUT serfs had to pay redemption payments for the land they were given, which put them in greater debt 1860s-1870s Alexander II- new law codes, zemstvos (local political councils), officer corps, trans-Siberian railroad Literacy increased Modern factories Most of this done under the direction of Sergei Witte, the Finance minister, who argued for protective tariffs and foreign investment

Cons of Reform Absence of a large middle class in contrast to the west Industrialization not up to western standards (population and resources) High tariffs to protect industries will make them less competitive and innovative Emancipation maintained the tsarist grip on power and led to unsatisfied peasants

Causes of Revolution Minority nationalities began making demands on the tsar- Eastern Europe and Balkans Famines Intelligentsia (articulate intellectuals) Anarchists Radicals engaged in terrorist acts Spread of Marxist doctrines and the rise of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), who modified Marxist theory to fit Russian reality (revolution would skip the middle class phase) Rise of the Bolsheviks

Revolution in 1905 (This is NOT the Communist Revolution!) 1904 defeat in Russo-Japanese War against everyone’s beliefs (Japan worried about Russian expansion into Korea) 1905 workers and peasants revolt Result: creation of the Duma (Russian parliament) and Stolypin reforms where peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls and kulaks (entrepreneurs) increased production by buying land and innovating

Russia and Eastern Europe Calls at some point for a pan-Slavic movement Eastern Europe abolishes serfdom but is slow to reform politically Romantic tradition greatly increased cultural output National dictionaries and literature Tolstoy and Dostoevsky in Russia Music of Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt Scientists- Mendel and Pavlov

Japan: Final Decades of the Shogun First half of 19th century seemed stable on the surface but saw a slow breakdown of political system Economic problems- taxes based on agriculture when the economy was becoming commercialized and payments to Samurai for their loyalty Rise of secularism, which helped in Westernization because there was no strong religious objection to it Dutch Studies groups and western influence By 1850s economic growth slowed and rural protest increased

Japan Ends Isolation 1853 Matthew Perry in Edo Bay- U.S. gained 2 ports in 1856 1860s political crisis as Samurai increased their attacks on foreigners 1866 civil war broke out 1868 Mutsuhito comes to power and begins the Meiji Era

Meiji Era of Reform 1871 abolished feudalism and replaced daimyos with prefects following French model Political power centralized Sent Samurai abroad to learn 1873 abolished the Samurai class and their stipends prompting another revolt 1884 new conservative nobility Examination system and bureaucracy 1889 new constitution granted limited powers to Diet (parliament based on German model) Parliament advised government but did not control it

Japan Industrializes New army with universal conscription and officer training and weapons Banks, railroads, private enterprise State direction of development of manufacturing (zaibatsu) By early 20th century Japan industrial power due largely to successful imitation but still not equal to west (limited resources and equipment)

Social/Cultural Effects of Reform in Japan Population growth Universal education but insistence on Japanese values Western fashion Religious values preserved Women remained inferior

Japan’s Imperialism 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War gave Japan influence over Korea, Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands 1904 Russo-Japanese War 1910 Korea annexed