New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Pooled Urine and Wastewater: A Review Iria González Mariño 29th February 2016

Early Warning Advisory on NPS. UNODC 2015 NPS - Classification Early Warning Advisory on NPS. UNODC 2015

NPS – Number NPS in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System. EMCDDA 2015

NPS – Seizures NPS in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System. EMCDDA 2015

Urine from individual consumers Pooled urine from portable urinals NPS – Alternative monitoring Urine from individual consumers Pooled urine from portable urinals Wastewater

     NPS – Alternative monitoring Urine from individual consumers Not practical at population/subpopulation levels Pooled urine from portable urinals Limited to subpopulations (although, actually, the part of a population most likely to contribute to the consumpion of NPS in a specific location) Only published studies from UK   Wastewater Extensible to “regional” populations Limited usefulness in the case of NPS due to limited information on their pharmacokinetics and metabolism; low prevalence of consumption -> low concentrations in wastewater; lack of information on their stability  

3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) NPS in Pooled Urine Synth. cathinones Synth. cannabinoids Phenethylamines Piperazines Ketamine analogs 1 portable urinal at a large nightclub in South London 4 pooled samples at different times over one weekend in July 2011 NPS C median (ng/mL) Metabolites Mephedrone 2965.1 + 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) 123.7 2-aminoindane (2-AI) 27.2

Frequency of detection Methylhexanamine (DMAA) Methiopropamine (MPA) NPS in Pooled Urine Synth. cathinones Synth. cannabinoids Phenethylamines Piperazines Ketamine analogs 12 portable urinals distributted in Westminster (Central London) 1 sample per urinal after a 12-h period on a Saturday night in March 2012 NPS Frequency of detection (n. of urinals) Metabolites Hordenine 12 Methylhexanamine (DMAA) 9 Mephedrone 6 Methiopropamine (MPA) 2 + Methoxetamine (MXE) 1

NPS in Pooled Urine Synth. cathinones Synth. cannabinoids Phenethylamines Piperazines Ketamine analogs 12 portable urinals distributed accross Central London 1 sample per urinal, once a month for 6 consecutive months NPS Frequency of detection (n. of months) Mephedrone 6 Methylhexanamine (DMAA) Methiopropamine (MPA) 5 Pipradrol 4 Cathinone 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) 3 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC)

NPS in Pooled Urine Synth. cathinones Synth. cannabinoids Phenethylamines Piperazines Ketamine analogs 4 portable urinals in central locations within 9 UK cities 1 sample per urinal after a 12-h period on a Saturday night in April 2014 NPS Frequency of detection (n. of cities) Mephedrone 5 Methiopropamine (MPA) 3 Methylhexanamine (DMAA) 2 Methoxetamine (MXE) 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) 1 Benzylpiperazine (BZP) Pentedrone Methylone Glaucine

NPS in Wastewater

NPS in Wastewater

NPS in Wastewater

2 weeks/month in May&Nov 2012 <LOQ-2 mg/day/1000 inh (1 city) NPS in Wastewater Compound Australia UK Finland Belgium& Switzerland Italy Adelaida Cambridge 10 cities 9 cities 6 cities 17 cities 6-8 weeks/year over 2009-2011 3 days 2 weeks/month in May&Nov 2012 8 days in August 2012 some days in 2013, 2 weeks in 2014 7 days/year over 2010-2013 Methcathinone 11-23 mg/w/1000 inh 253 µg/L Mephedrone <LOQ-15 mg/w/1000 inh 549 µg/L 1-24 ng/L (2 cities) Methylone <LOQ-22 mg/w/1000 inh traces occasionally n.d.-2 ng/L Ethylone <LOQ (3 cities) Butylone 3 µg/L <LOQ (2 cities) MDPV <LOQ-9 mg/w/1000 inh 1-20 mg/day/1000 inh (2 cities) <LOQ-2 mg/day/1000 inh (1 city) BZP <LOQ-275 mg/w/1000 inh TFMPP 1-30 mg/w/1000 inh 4-FPP 98 µg/L MBZP 6 µg/L 4-MEOPP 8 µg/L MXE n.d.-12 ng/L PMMA

5 WWTPs in Santorini Island JWH-018 N-5-hydroxypentyl NPS in Wastewater Compound Norway Greece Oslo, Hamar, Bergen 5 WWTPs in Santorini Island 3 days in July 2012 7 days in July 2013 JWH-018 N-5-hydroxypentyl 49-62 mg/day/1000 inh JWH-122 <LOQ n.d.-4 ng/L JWH-210 CP47, 497 <LOQ-305 ng/L α-PVP n.d.-7 ng/L Synth. cathinones Synth. cannabinoids Phenethylamines Piperazines Ketamine analogs 7 Synthetic cathinones 3 Synthetic cannabinoids + 1 metabolite 5 Piperazines 1 Phenethylamine 1 Ketamine analog 4 Synthetic cathinones No Synthetic cannabinoids detected!! 2 Piperazines 3 Phenethylamines 1 Ketamine analog 4 Other substances

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