NADIA AMIR AMIRAH FATIN SIR NOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA HHV 5014 NUTRACEUTICAL FORMULATION TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: NUTRACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM SUB UNIT : 3.2.BIOPHARMACEUTIC CONSIDERATION NADIA AMIR AMIRAH FATIN SIR NOOR MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN YAHYA

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL CONSIDERATION Biopharmaceutics can be regarded as the study of the relationship between the physical, chemical and biological sciences applied to drugs, dosage forms and drug action.

ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

ORAL ROUTE Oral dosage forms are intended usually for systematic effects resulting from drug absorption through the various epithelia and mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

RECTAL ROUTE Drug given rectally in suppository form. Suppositories are solid forms intended for introduction into body cavities. This route indicated for drug inactivated by the gastrointestinal fluid when given orally . Example, patient is vomiting or unconscious

PARENTERAL ROUTE Injected by hollow needle into the body at various sites and to varying depths. Main parental routes : subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous preferred when rapid absorption is essential Example : as emergency situation or patient unable to accept oral medication

TOPICAL ROUTE Drugs are applied topically, that is to skin, mainly for local action. This route can also be used for systemic drug delivery

RESPIRATORY ROUTE The lungs provide an excellent surface for absorption when the drug is delivered in gaseous, aerosol mist or ultrafine solid particle form.

DRUG FACTORS IN DOSAGE FORM DESIGN Particle size and surface area Solubility Dissolution Stability Organoleptic properties

PARTICLE SIZE AND SURFACE AREA Particle size reduction results in an increase in the specific surface (i.e. surface area per unit weight) of powders. Drug dissolution rate, absorption rate, and stability are all dependent to varying degrees on particle size

SOLUBILITY Insoluble compounds can cause incomplete absorption, and it might be appropriate to use more soluble salt. Alternatively, micronizing, complexation or solid dispersion technique might be employed.

DISSOLUTION During dissolution, the drug molecules in the surface layer dissolve, leading to a saturated solution around the particles to form the diffusion layer. Dissolved drug molecules then pass throughout the dissolving fluid to contact absorbing mucosa

STABILITY It should emphasize the packaging of dosage form and must be an integral part of stability testing programmes. Chemical changes in any physical modification must carefully monitored to optimize formulation stability.

ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES The use of flavours applies primarily to liquid dosage forms intended for oral administration Colours are employed to standardize or improve existing drug colour and to mask a colour change or complement a flavour.