RAPID Reviews: Finding the Evidence Elizabeth Yates, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Librarian October 2017

Why should you care? Final paper: 50% of your grade “The final paper will be based on a rapid review style review of the literature following the PRISMA guidelines.”

Today’s outcomes Recap of Library learning modules Introduction to: Evidence-based health information Rapid Review How to search the literature for a rapid review Intro to main features of relevant databases: OVID MEDLINE Web of Science PsycINFO Tips for managing citations

Recap: Library Module 1 Research topic development Research problem Research question Research topic development Why is it important to have a well-defined research question? Where are you at?

RECAP: Library MODULE 2 Scholarly versus popular sources Peer review Databases Improving your search terms, Using SuperSearch Finding citations Intro to advanced searching strategies & OVID MEDLINE

Evidence-informed Health Information "...Evidence-based health care is the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services. Current best evidence is up-to-date information from relevant, valid research about the effects of different forms of health care, the potential for harm from exposure to particular agents, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the predictive power of prognostic factors..."  Cochrane Collaboration via HLWIKI Canada - http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/Evidence-based_health_care

Levels of Evidence What do we mean by levels of evidence? As rigour of scientific method increases, we can be more confident in validity and generalizability of results Critical for clinical applications International Food Information Council Foundation. (2013). Evaluating Evidence. http://www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/pictures/IFIC%202013%20FNCE%20Brochure%20-%20Evaluating%20Evidence%20-%20Web%20Version.pdf

Research Synthesis Aka knowledge synthesis Evidence that is: Synthesized from a large set of data/studies Summarized Critically appraised http://www.ebmpyramid.org/

Evidence Review Types Image: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/index.php/File:Evidence-review-types.jpg

Systematic reviews: Undertake a systematic, structured review of all empirical evidence on a specific research question Use explicit, pre-defined criteria to include and exclude studies Incorporate search strategies which are systematic, free of bias and reproducible are NOT “review articles” A systematic review is: -performed by a team of experts who review all the research evidence on a specific intervention in a specific population -the experts follow a rigourous scientific protocol for the review -the research evidence is summarized and analyzed for the strength of its methodology and conclusions A systematic review is defined as “a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research, and to extract and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review.” – source: Undertaking Systematic Reviews of Research on Effectiveness. CRD’s Guidance for those Carrying Out or Commissioning Reviews. CRD Report Number 4 (2nd Edition). NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. March 2001. A review article is: -a summary of a published literature on a topic: it is not comprehensive nor does it follow specific protocols

Rapid Reviews Evidence review/syntheses that are: Rigorous Use explicit criteria Facilitate decision-making BUT are also: Streamlined Time-sensitive Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108.

Why are they more rapid? May use: Very narrow research question Less sophisticated search strategies Search fewer sources Simple, descriptive quality appraisal

Khangura, S. , Konnyu, K. , Cushman, R. , Grimshaw, J. , & Moher, D Khangura, S., Konnyu, K., Cushman, R., Grimshaw, J., & Moher, D. (2012). Evidence summaries: the evolution of a rapid review approach. Systematic reviews, 1(1), 10.

Good model of a rapid review: Well-organized Clearly stated research question, search strategy Clear reporting of studies Critical appraisal and synthesis of studies

Building a search strategy 1. Developing a research question 2. Gathering background information 3. Generating keywords & synonyms 4. Combining keywords/related terms with AND, OR 5. Gathering foreground information Revise and repeat as needed!

Research question: PICO format Population, patient or problem Intervention Comparator Outcome

Sample research question Is cognitive behaviour therapy effective in reducing social anxiety in adolescents? >> clearly focused on a specific population, health condition and clinical treatment P – adolescents I – CBT C – none O – reduced anxiety

Sample search strategy (simple) Search concept Search terms: keywords, related terms and subject headings  Social Anxiety  “social anxiety” OR “social phobia” OR “social anxiety disorder” AND  Cognitive behavioural therapy  “Cognitive behavioural therapy” OR CBT OR “behavioural therapy” OR “cognitive therapy” Adolescents    Adolescents OR teen* OR “young adult” OR youth

Where to search Subject databases relevant to your topic: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, etc. Try your topic in SuperSearch and see where literature is coming from > limit by database Grey literature sources: e.g. Canadian Health Research Collection, Canadian Public Policy Collection; websites for organizations working in your topic area e.g. CAMH

Why search >1 database? MEDLINE: 1855 unique WoS: 5875 unique Overlap: 3026 Gavel, Y., & Iselid, L. (2008). Web of Science and Scopus: a journal title overlap study. Online Information Review, 32(1), 8-21. doi:10.1108/14684520810865958

How to search Concept by concept: So if you make an error in your search strategy, you can fix one concept instead of the whole string Use a mix of subject heading and keyword searching Document and/or save your searches

Where to Search: Key Health databases MEDLINE – premier index to biomedical literature; produced by U.S. National Library of Medicine Use subject heading searching and keyword searching lots of search filters Web of Science – broad index to literature in the sciences, biomedicine, social sciences, humanities Keyword searching Few search filters Forward and backward citation searching PsycINFO – behavioural & social sciences; produced by the APA Methodology, population & age group filters Term Finder: Thesaurus of Psychological Index terms (subject headings)

Where to search: How to choose Choose databases according to: Your topic – e.g. Health > MEDLINE Mental health > PsycINFO Your need for specific search filters E.g. need to find RCTs? > OVID MEDLINE

Key health databases listed in Health Sciences Research Guide > Find articles tab http://researchguides.library.brocku.ca/HLSC

Succeed with OVID MEDLINE Search each concept separately Select “map to subject heading” Check scope note, tree hierarchy for relevance of MeSH term Combine searches with AND, OR in Search History By selecting Map to subject heading, you’re telling MEDLINE to map your keyword/natural language search to the specialized MeSH vocabulary Check if the MeSH options you get are relevant by looking at the scope note (click the blue “I” for a definition) and the tree – which shows your term in a hierarchy of broader or narrower terms

Create OVID account to save your searches

Web of Science Multi-disciplinary research index (not a full-text database) Covers sciences, social sciences, arts & humanities Includes journal articles, books, data and conference proceedings Long tail – some content dates back 100+ years PRO CON BREADTH & DEPTH FEWER SEARCH FILTERS

Searching Web of Science Health Sciences Research Guide > Find articles Web of Science Complete (includes MEDLINE) Only allows keyword searching Search concept by concept and combine in Search History Ensure relevance sort

Forward and backward citation tracing in Web of Science

Psyc Info Search each concept separately Use Term Finder to find Index Terms Use filters Age, population group, methodology Create an account to save your searches Citation tracking – backwards and forwards

Reporting your search strategy

Citation management tools Use to store and organize your search results Create in-text citations and reference lists automagically Remove duplicates Save time! http://researchguides.library.brocku.ca/citationmanagement

Getting help Visit our AskUs desk or call 905-688-5550 x4583 Chat with us via Ask-a-Librarian Watch a short video on our Help page -- https://brocku.ca/library/help/ Contact me: eyates@brocku.ca Drop-in sessions in November Image: http://cuddlebuggery.com/got-trolls/keep-calm-we-re-here-to-help-6/