Review Unit One AP World History

Paleolithic vs Neolithic Hunter Gatherer Agriculture -Hunter gather -Women role very important -Everybody required -Small bands, authority based on family -Belief in many spirits, not formal religion -Migrations -Africa out to middle east, Europe, Asia -Asia to America (land bridge) -Domesticate animals and develop agriculture -Increase reliable foods supplies -Less nutritious b/c most people each only one or two staples -Stay put -Allow more people to do other stuff- i.e. job specialization -Gender differences -Huge population growth

River Valley Civilizations Basic characteristics Location in river valleys - WHY? Complex irrigation Development of legal codes System of writing Use of money (as apposed to barter) Number systems, calendars Social inequality: classes Patriarchal

Early River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia: cuneiform, powerful kings in city-states, Hammurabi’s code of law, job specialization, merchant class important Egypt: hieroglyphics, pharaoh as god, centralized, extensive bureaucracy, fewer merchants, priests have high status Green- Mesopotamia Red-Egypt Blue-Indus Pink-Shang Gray-Mesoamerica

Early River Valley Civilizations Indus: complex, centralized, limited information known about them, priests high status Shang: (Huang He) writing highly valued, geographic separation from others, centralized power in hands of emperor, job specialization

Development of trade routes Silk Road (blue) Indian Ocean (green) Sub-Saharan (red)

Classical Civilizations: Basic Characteristics Patriarchal Agriculture Based Complex gov’t, Larger areas Expanded trading

Classical Civilizations: Greece 1st Democracy - in which city?? Polytheist Divided into city-states (not centralized) Slavery widely practiced Strong military Alexander the Great: Hellenistic age Conquered by Romans

Classical Civilizations: Rome For the most part conquer but don’t oppress Impressive roman law code Basic social divisions: patricians-aristocrats and plebeians-free farmers Dependence on slavery Two eras: Republic: rule by aristocrats, Senate Empire: non-hereditary emperor

Classical Civilizations: China Highly patriarchal, social divide urban/rural, silk road develops but merchants low class, bureaucracy, wealth based on land ownership Zhou: slowly deteriorated; Period of Warring States, Confucianism developed to organize Qin: very harsh, Legalism, construction of Great wall; Shi Huangdi Han: strong centralized gov’t, great influence of Confucian, scholar-gentry

Classical Civilizations: India Invaded by Aryans Hinduism based on books Vedas Caste System- much harsher, rigid than other class systems at the time Connections to Silk Road and Indian ocean trade Lack of political unity; easily invaded; hard to conquer and unite small kingdoms; tends not to be centralized or unified Mauryan: Buddhist, bureaucratic, public works ; decline b/c land returned to locals Gupta: Hinduism, allow local control and administration not bureaucratic; fall to invaders, rule returned to locals

Classical Civilizations: The Fall Similarities: Attacks from Huns Deterioration of political institutions Protection maintenance of borders- costly, ineffective Disease followed trade routes Trouble collecting taxes, controlling landowners Differences: India regional gov’t broke apart Rome gradual, east stayed up (Byzantine) Order least impact to greatest: India: still had caste system, regional gov’t China: Confucian tradition, problems w/ central power gone Rome: civilization depended on gov’t to keep together, organized

Common results for fall Disruption of trade Reliance on religion to organize people Spread of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam Political disunity Feudal societies develop