Chapter 15: The Resurgence of Empire in the East

The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE) Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects Military labor Conscripted labor

The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals 1240 miles Roads on either bank Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century Longest canal or artificial river in the world today!

The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion Emperor assassinated in 618 Tang Dynasty initiated

The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE . The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE

Tang Taizong Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE) Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne Strong ruler Built capital at Chang’an Law and order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services Became the golden age of literature in China. Equal-field System 20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility Worked well until 8th century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries, aristocratic land accumulation

Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations Confucian educational curriculum Some bribery, nepotism But most advance through merit Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early 20th century

Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its history Established tributary relationships Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom” The kowtow ritual

Tang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 Nomadic Turkish Uighur (WEE-goor) mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang as payment Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907

The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

Song Weaknesses Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Two peasant rebellions in 12th c. Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy Civil service leadership of military Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen (a Tungusic people (Siberian) who inhabited the region of Manchuria) conquer, founding the Jin Empire, forcing Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals (North - Oxen, South – Water Buffaloes) Soil fertilization, improved irrigation Water wheels, canals Terrace farming

Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

Strict Social Hierarchy Gentry: Wealthy landowners, focused on Confucian ideals, focus on civil service

Urbanization Chang’an (currently Xi'an) world’s most populous city: 2 million residents Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million

Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Elaborate grave rituals Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors Footbinding gains popularity Increased control by male family members

Footbinding

Technology and Industry A typical junk ship from the Song Dynasty Porcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Earlier printing techniques refined Moveable type by mid-11th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier Naval technology compass

Emergence of a Market Economy Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages Promissory notes, checks also used Development of independently produced paper money Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century

China and the Hemispheric Economy Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

Dunhuang Mahayana Buddhism especially popular at Dunhuang in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE Cave temples Buddhist temples, libraries Economic success as converts donate land holdings Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor

Conflicts with Chinese Culture Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy Isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety

Chan (Zen) Buddhism Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate Dharma translated as dao Nirvana translated as wuwei Accommodated family lifestyle “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation” Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead

Persecution of Buddhists Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings Limits growth but does not eradicate faiths

Neo-Confucianism Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought Syncretic blend of both faiths

China and Korea Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

China and Vietnam Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology But ongoing resentment at political domination Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century

China and Early Japan Chinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administration Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710-794 CE) Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion

Japan and the United States The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 36

Islands Hokkaido Honshu Shikuku Kyushu Okinawa The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. Shikuku Kyushu Okinawa 37

Cities Sapporo Kyoto Tokyo Kobe Yokohama Hiroshima Nagoya Osaka The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. Hiroshima Nagoya Osaka Nagasaki 38

Mt. Fuji The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 39

Global Tectonic Plates Japan -- On the “Fire Rim of the Pacific” The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 40

Japanese Earthquakes: 1961-1994 The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 41

Rice Farmer’s Farmhouse: Okutsu Town, Okayama Prefecture The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 42

Terrace Rice Farming The next couple of slides are a comparison of the countries that we will be visiting. Notice how small all are compared to China. 43

Yamato Period: 300-710 “Great Kings” era Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: Confucianism. Language (kanji characters). Buddhist sects. Chinese art & architecture. Government structure. “Great Kings” era

Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution

Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing Chinese writing. Chinese artistic styles. Zen Buddhism BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!

Japanese Literature Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese The Tale of Genji One of rare Japanese language works of fiction written by a woman.

Institution of the Shogun Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

Medieval Japan Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods Decentralized power in hands of warlords Military authority in hands of samurai Professional warriors

The emperor reigned, but did not always rule! Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Land Loyalty Land Daimyo Daimyo Loyalty Samurai Samurai Samurai Food Protection Peasant Peasant Peasant Peasant

Code of Bushido Fidelity Politeness Virility Simplicity

Seppuku: Ritual Suicide It is honorable to die in this way. Kaishaku – his “seconds”

Full Samurai Attire

Samurai Sword

Medieval Warriors vs. European Knight Samurai Warrior

Medieval Warriors vs. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor

Zen Buddhism A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China. It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

Osaka Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Shintoism

Shinto Ancestor Worship Polytheism Hyper- Nationalism Great Creator The World of the kami Minimize sin & guilt Great Creator Hyper- Nationalism

Torii Gate, Miyajima Island

Torii Gate in Winter

A Tunnel of Torii Gates Inari Mt., Kyoto

An interior of a Kabuki theater.

Chanoyu : Tea Ceremony

Origami : The Art of Japanese Paper Folding

Calligraphy

Haiku : 17-syllable poem Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku Spring departs. Birds cry Fishes' eyes are filled with tears. Matsuo Basho, Master of Haiku

Japanese Garden for Meditation

Japanese Zen Garden

Japanese Sand Garden