Political Impact of the Protestant Reformation Charles V believed it was his duty to maintain political and religious unity of Western Europe Religious change represented a threat to the stability of the state Luther relied on German nationalism to attack papacy Used religion to extend financial and political power away from HRE

Why Would German Princes Convert to Protestantism? Religiously, some were convinced that Luther and/or Calvin were correct Politically and Economically, some princes wanted freedom from the HRE Religious wars began between German Princes and Charles V after failure of the Imperial Diet of 1530 at Augsburg Augsburg Confession was written here – a centuries long cornerstone of Protestant beliefs

Religious Wars 1546-1555 Charles V was already fighting the Habsburg-Valois wars with France France wanted Habsburg Burgundy (eastern France) Charles was so successful that it scared both France and the Pope, who then withdrew his troops. France helped to finance the German princes Finally, Charles had to compromise.

The Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg 1555 was Charles V’s acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the German princes to determine the official religion of their own principality. Were individuals allowed to choose their own faith at this point?

Explain how the political situation in Germany shaped the course of the Reformation What were the political circumstances in Germany? Decentralized Luther’s appeals to nationalism Largely controlled by the Habsburgs (HRE) Increase of land and wealth to German princes If they rejected Catholicism What were key events in the course of the Reformation caused by politics? Frederick III & Maximillian’s lucrative marriages led to the expansion of the HRE France financing the Protestant German war effort Pope withdrew troops Peace of Augsburg 1555 Imperial Diet 1530

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Describe how Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands. What do I need to know? What are Protestant ideas and institutions? How did they spread beyond the Germanies? Where did the spread?

What caused the English to break away from the Pope?

What law/act formalized the breakaway?

The Reformation of England and Ireland King Henry VIII (Tudor) wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella Problematic for Charles V because it would mean his Aunt Catherine would technically be a fornicator, and his cousin Mary Tudor would be a bastard? The Supremacy Act of 1534 declared the King to be the head of the Church of England Dissenters such as Bishop of Rochester John Fisher and Sir Thomas More (Utopia) were beheaded

What title did Henry VIII (8) have bestowed upon him by the Pope before he broke away?

Yea! I’ll totally give you a son!! But I love you. I like Anne. I’m going to ask the pope for an annulment

Hey… give me an annulment Pope! Let me think about it… How dare your disgrace my cousin! And after all I’ve done for the Church! Hmm…Good point. Sorry Henry. No divorce for you.

After I gave you the title of Defender of the Faith! Sorry Pope. It’s 1534 and now I’M the supreme head of the English state AND English church. I gave myself a divorce! After I gave you the title of Defender of the Faith!

Historians think I had trouble having children because I had syphilis! Henry VIII Historians think I had trouble having children because I had syphilis!

The Impacts of the Anglican Church Henry confiscated monastic lands and redistributed to the Tudor dynasty Anglican church was created for personal, political, and economic reasons Retained theology of Catholic Church including confession, celibacy, and transubstantiation Sympathized with Protestant thought Any problems with this? Provoked Pilgrammage of Grace (1536) rebellion amongst English & Irish Catholics

Ireland Remained loyal to the Catholic Church, rejected the Anglican Church English lords in Ireland approved the adoption of the Church of Ireland (basically the Anglican Church) This led to the same confiscation of church lands and wealth that happened in England Violent rebellion in Ireland eventually crushed by English

How did Henry’s descendants rule? Mary Elizabeth?

Tudor’s Religious Legacy King Edward VI (r. 1547-1553) – strongly Protestant Queen Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558) – Catholic backlash (to honor her mother) This was very brutal and earned her the nickname Bloody Mary Married Spanish Catholic cousin Philip of Spain Queen Elizabeth I (Elizabeth the Great)

Elizabeth I Elizabeth compromised between the Protestant “Puritans” (who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church) and the Catholics Elizabethan Settlement Dignity in church services and order in the land (aka no more executions) Risked only a fine for missing Anglican mass Swore allegiance to her as the “supreme governor of the Church of England” Why wouldn’t she ask to be called the head of the church?

Elizabeth’s Main Contributions Brought peace and order to England and territories Allowed for religious freedom along with conformity to the Anglican Church Don’t ask, don’t tell. Because of her religious pragmatism, we call her a politique

Philip II and Spain-- “The Most Catholic King” Goal to make Spain a world power. Expanded power over the nobility but bankrupted his nation. Battle of Lepanto 1571-- defeated the Ottomans at head of a Catholic coalition Epic micromanagement

A contrast with Politiques Rebellion begins with Calvinist destruction of Catholic churches After 50 years of struggle, the “Dutch Republic” obtained independence from Spain (1609). Southern states in Netherlands stayed with Spain. Union of Utrecht, a Protestant Union Netherlands: a land divided Anabaptists, Lutherans, Catholics Only similarity: Ruled by a distant Philip! Taxes used for Spanish benefit-like Luther and HRE?