What is Psychology? The science of behavior and the mind behavior - observable actions of a person or animal mind - thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences science an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts / data and well described methods Keywords: behavior, mind, science

What is Psychology? A set of questions about mental functioning trace back to philosophy Aristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions, etc. A set of theories and procedures for asking and answering questions the scientific method evolved over centuries, first in physics A product of history philosophy asked many of the basic questions physiology used similar methods

Philosophical Developments BIG A Question: How are mind and body related? Dualism - body and soul are separate but interrelated origins in medieval religion soul is seat of intellectual function and will mind is product of the soul mind not subject to scientific inquiry to challenge this was punishable by death Keywords: dualism, Rene Descartes Graphic: picture of Descartes pg. 4 of Gray

Philosophical Developments A Question: How are mind and body related? BIG Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - modified dualism since animals have no soul, much behavior does not require soul the body can therefore control much behavior led him to study reflexes the soul’s main function is thought, a uniquely human attribute Keywords: dualism, Rene Descartes Graphic: picture of Descartes pg. 4 of Gray

Philosophical Developments BIG A Question: How are mind and body related? Materialism: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) mind is a product of the brain soul is not involved in human behavior Empiricism: knowledge and intellect are acquired sensory experiences produce elementary ideas elementary ideas become associated into complex thought and ideas Keywords: dualism, Rene Descartes Graphic: picture of Descartes pg. 4 of Gray

Philosophical Developments BIG Another Question: Empiricism vs. Nativism Nativism is the view that elementary ideas are innate If knowledge is innate What is the purpose of education? Can intellect be changed by experience? Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences? This is known as Nature vs. Nurture appears throughout modern psychology Keywords: materialism, empiricism, nativism

Foundations of Modern Psychology Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of natural selection (1859) physical characteristics evolve through natural selection behavioral patterns also influence selection inborn knowledge and behavioral tendencies with survival value are passed on Human beings are part of nature and can be understood through the methods of science Keywords: Charles Darwin, natural selection Graphic: picture of Darwin pg. 8 of Gray

Foundations of Modern Psychology Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry 19th century developments in physiology demonstrated the approach to use based on scientific methods, controlled laboratory experiments influential beliefs from early physiology reflexology - all human behaviors occur through reflexes localization of function - specific structures of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experiences and behavior Keywords: reflexology, localization of function

Foundations of Modern Psychology Separated from philosophy in 19th century influences from physiology remain Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Leipzig, Germany wrote the first psychology textbook applied laboratory techniques to study of the mind structuralism - identify ‘atoms’ of the mind focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes measured reaction times

Other Pioneers Edward Titchener (1867-1927) William James (1842-1910) Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University William James (1842-1910) started psychology at Harvard in 1870s opposed Wundt and Titchener’s approach functionalism - influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician that focused on illness psychoanalytic theory of mental disorders Keywords: William James, functionalism Graphic: picture of James pg. 11 of Gray

Other Pioneers Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) French intelligence researcher developed first intelligence test Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian physiologist discovered conditioned reflexes B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) American psychologist at Harvard studied learning and effect of reinforcement behaviorism

Perspectives Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena Psychology has multiple perspectives ethological biological psychoanalytic cognitive cross- cultural social

Ethology The study of animal behavior in the natural environment rather than in a lab setting Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns European approach to studying behavior founded by animal researchers, Lorenz and Tinbergen Keywords: ethology, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolass Tinbergen Graphic: picture of Lorenz pg. 16 Gray

Biological Perspective Study the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior Focus may be at various levels individual neurons areas of the brain specific functions like eating, emotion or learning Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences Keywords: physiological psychology

Clinical Perspective View of behavior based on experience treating patients Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud ) both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations Keywords: psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud Graphic: picture of Freud pg. 18 of Gray

Clinical Perspective View of behavior based on experience treating patients Humanistic approach developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers behavior reflects innate ‘actualization’ focus on conscious forces and self perception More positive view of basic forces than Freud’s Keywords: psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud Graphic: picture of Freud pg. 18 of Gray

Cultural Psychology The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate? Keywords: cultural psychology

Cognitive Perspective How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior ? Influences include Piaget - studied intellectual development Chomsky - studied language Cybernetics - science of information processing Keywords: cognitive psychology

The Profession of Psychology American Psychological Association had 52 divisions in 1998 Some represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) Some are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law)

Areas of Specialization Clinical abnormal behavior and psychological disorders psychologist vs. psychiatrist Health psychology psychological factors in physical health Counseling dealing with normal life situations provide guidance Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10% Keywords: biological psychology, developmental psychology, personality psychology

Areas of Specialization Developmental psychological change over the life span social, cognitive, personality School counseling and guidance in school settings Educational learning and teaching Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10% Keywords: health psychology, educational psychology, industrial/organizational psychology

Areas of Specialization Psychobiology brain and behavior studied at many levels often uses animals as research model Experimental basic laboratory focus animals or humans learning, memory, motivation Cognitive experimental human memory, perception, etc. Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10% Keywords: clinical psychology, psychiatry

Areas of Specialization Social social influences on cognition and emotion attitudes and beliefs Personality individual differences perception by others Industrial/organizational people and work job satisfaction training and selection Other Psychology 15% Developmental 6% Clinical 36% Biological and Experimental 16% Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% School 3% Counseling 10% Keywords: clinical psychology, psychiatry

Professional Work Settings Colleges and universities Clinical settings Elementary and secondary schools Business Government Private Practice Government Universities & College Business & Industry School Employment Settings of Psychologists Keywords: psychologists’ work settings