The Maritime security governance debate Francois Vreÿ Research Coordinator, SIGLA Stellenbosch University 5th International Conference on Strategic Theory Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 September 2017

Scope Introduction Leadership Oceans governance Governance-Maritime security nexus Governance indices Towards a maritime security governance index

Introduction World attention & Africa’s oceans East Africa, West Africa North Africa: Catalysts and wake-up calls Maritime security complexity : A leadership catalyst Security & Rule of Law: Conduits for good governance Collaboration on landward & maritime threat reduction Framing maritime security governance beyond anti-piracy

Leadership Political leadership: Institutionalise maritime security and the blue economy Leadership to extend economic and social benefits to societies Maritime governance depends upon maritime security for economic benefits Both are a political function of leadership collaboration Continental leadership on maritime affairs: Map the governance imperative Regional leadership: Operationalise regional maritime architectures National leadership: To map & embed the national contribution

Ocean Governance: What is in a name? Governments: Make & enforce rules to deliver services Renewed advantages of oceans : Governance at sea Footing in good order at sea & rule of law Making, heeding and enforcing rules by extended actor community Sustainable and responsible use of the oceans by all Why?

Governance-maritime security nexus Security & rule of law: Basis for good governance Ocean & maritime security governance no exception Good order at sea: Flow & stock resource Safe & secure conditions for using the sea Central governance theme: Safety, security and responsibilities Actor cooperation: National – regional - global

Maritime security What is it? Caring for it Core Dimensions Characteristics National security Marine environment Economic development Human security Interconnected security challenges Liminality (Not only ocean-related) A transnational environment Cross-jurisdictional – Laws & agencies Joint knowledge production Coordination through common scripts for action Joint operational maritime security activities Bueger, C. & T. Edmunds, 2017 International Affairs

Governance to maritime security governance Guiding perspectives: Looking forward … Institutions and actors from and beyond government Broadening of boundaries and responsibilities : social and economic issues Improving interdependent relationships : institutions involved in collective action Expansion of autonomous self-governing networks of actors Grow responsibilities of non-state actors : complement government authority Enabling government to use new tools and techniques

Meet expectations of citizens Direct influence and resources Governance indexes To what end? Meet expectations of citizens Direct influence and resources Reinforce blue economy contributions Maritime Security & rule of law: First deliverables Change weak & ineffective governance Human security: On land & at sea Joint knowledge production Coordination through common scripts for action Joint operational maritime security activities

Rationale for Africa Greater Africa imprint upon MDA: How? Tie MDA & Development to AIMS-2050 Opportunity for Low-tech contributions from Africa to MDA Collating public resources through African academic institutions National work feeding African regional projects Connecting MDA – Marsec to Blue Economy for African futures

Joint knowledge production: Augment the landward index The absent category Maritime Security Governance Littoral state governance Rule of Law Soft threats & assets Capacity to police Taken from: http://static.moibrahimfoundation.org/u/2015/09/03150715/2015-iiag-methodology.pdf [Suggested, not confirmed: Own compilation]

Actor cooperation: Network of African coastal universities 1 = Western Africa 2 = Eastern Africa 3 = Southern Africa 4 = North Africa X = Western- North Africa cross-over X1 = Western – Southern Africa cross- Over X2 = Eastern-Southern Africa cross- Envisaged university partners © SIGLA- SU Stellenbosch

Common scripts for action: A maritime governance index Regional governance index Littoral governance index Littoral fragility index Incidents at sea index / Justice Index Integrated legislation International codes & regimes UNCLOS signatory Codes of conduct Maritime policy environment Maritime resources profile: Living, non-living Maritime resource dependency Shipping lanes/volumes Choke points Maritime zone claims Maritime boundary disputes Maritime crime profile(s) (Traditional, GOAS, Non-traditional threats) Domestic conflict/maritime spill-overs Government/naval maritime institutions Civilian maritime institutions Regional maritime arrangements Maritime policing agencies Acquisitions Standing navies/coast guards Policing capabilities/agencies International naval assistance Naval/maritime exercises Private maritime security actors Security & enforcement agencies Indexes Rule of Law Stock & Flow DATA SOURCES AND SECTORS Collating scattered Information Regional & National Analysis Soft Threats Institutions Enforcement © SIGLA- SU

Index based upon actor-threat inclusiveness of governance theory Recommendations Index based upon actor-threat inclusiveness of governance theory Based upon a network of African littoral state universities Interfaced : Landward Governance Index and proposed maritime governance index Geographic pathway : regional littoral states as pilot project Proposed flow and sectors: Regional pilot leading to continental output over 3 years Data collection and collation : actor cooperation Existing statistics to collate scattered data Public index © SIGLA- SU

Thank you for your time Questions? Compiled by: Prof Francois Vreÿ Research Co-ordinator SIGLA, Stellenbosch University francois@ma2.sun.ac.za

Governance impacts on utilization of the ocean as a flow and stock resource. Governance theory applies to landward and maritime governance with overlapping features. As governance includes ocean governance, its overlapping parts should provide information / data on security at sea. Governance on land is indexed. Governance at sea off Africa needs to be more comprehensively indexed to provide effective security data. Proposed research design: To index and measure maritime security governance off Africa utilizing existing and proposed new data sources.