Concepts from the future…

Overview of Basic APHG Concepts Human geography is all about identifying patterns, analyzing statistics and discovering what they can tell us about our world. We will discuss these concepts in each regional unit in Pre-AP and analyze them even further in AP Human. They are important to know and understand!!

Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress More Developed Country (MDC): have a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure. The criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living.

Development: evolution, growth, expansion, enlargement, progress Less Developed Country (LDC): Meets three criteria: Poverty Human resource weakness (poor nutrition, health, education and adult literacy) Economic vulnerability: unstable agricultural production, lacking exports of goods and services, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters

Human Development Index (HDI) Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries

What types of jobs would a person in a less developed country have What types of jobs would a person in a less developed country have? More developed? Developing?

ECONOMIC INDICATORS of DEVELOPMENT Primary sector: directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry Secondary sector: includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products Tertiary sector: involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Types of Jobs: Comparing MDC vs. LDC

Core- Periphery Model This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map. Fig. 9-22: This north polar projection of the world shows that most of the MDCs are in a core area north of 30° N latitude. The LDCs are mostly on the periphery of this map.

3 important things about POPULATION More people than ever before World population has increased at a faster rate after 1950’s than ever before AND almost all population growth is concentrated in less developed countries (LDC’s)

CARTOGRAM!!!

World and Country Population Totals Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on 5% of earth's surface! Total: 7.046 billion as of 2012 Current Population counter: http://www.worldometers.info/ Five most populous regions and countries REGION POP. COUNTRY POP. East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.366 billion South Asia 1.2 billion India 1.237 billion Europe 750 million U.S. 318 million SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 247 million East N. Am. 120 million Brazil 203 million

END OF NOTES FOR FRIDAY 8/5 WILL FINISH THE REST ON MONDAY

GET OUT YOUR CLASS NOTES AND THE MAP FROM FRIDAY

What can population pyramids tell us? What can we infer?

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located? IT’S NIGERIA!!

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located? IT’S DENMARK!!

Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country Describe this pyramid. What does it tell you about the country? Where might it be located? IT’S JAPAN!! 1958: 3RD LARGEST TYPHOON EVER

MIGRATION Emigration: migration FROM a location Immigration: migration TO a location Net migration: difference between the # IMMIGRANTS and the # of EMIGRANTS Net in-migration: immigrants > emigrants Net out-migration: immigrants < emigrants

Why do people migrate?

PUSH/PULL FACTORS Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC PUSH: induces people to leave their present location PULL: induces people to come to a new location Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC What are some push/pull factors? Any personal examples in your family?

Voluntary migration Forced Migration The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary. CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member has already migrated to an area “person follows someone else to a place” Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process, or fears for their life. Slavery. About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867. In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Situations of divorce or separation.

Demography Scientific study of population characteristics that analyzes population trends and predicts future occurrences based on current statistics Statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

Miniature Earth If the Earth were condensed down to 100 people, here is what it’s demography would look like. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=hedHdWV3CDU

Crude means: looking at society as a whole!

Natural Increase Rate: CBR – CDR then divide by 10

The Demographic Transition Model: seeks to explain the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In developed countries this transition began in the eighteenth century and continues today. Less developed countries began the transition later and are still in the midst of earlier stages of the model.

Demographic Transition Model Stage one Birth/death rate high Fragile population Stage two Lower death rates Infant mortality rate high Natural increase high Stage three Indicative of richer developed countries Higher standards of living/education Stage Four Birth/death rates are almost = Zero Population Growth Most Northern and Western Euro countries

Overpopulation When consumption of natural resources by people outstrip the ability of a natural region to replace those natural resources.

NOTES FOR MONDAY STOPPED HERE. WILL FINISH TUESDAY!

Thomas Malthus on Population Pessimist population would outrun food supply decrease in food per person. Assumptions Populations grow exponentially. Food supply grows arithmetically. Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

Ester Boserup on population Optimist. “Necessity is the mother of invention.” Many people, but we will meet the challenge because we have to. More people=more minds=more innovation. Opposite of Malthus

Malthus: Mid 1700’s Boserup: Mid 1900’s Malthus vs. Boserup Think: Why do the dates make a difference in their theories of population?

Stop until tomorrow!

Folk and Popular Culture After reading the article and taking notes on your T-chart, you are going to create a collage to represent both folk and pop culture. Divide you paper in half to represent either side and cut images from the magazines to portray aspects of folk and pop culture. Items to include for both sides, but not limited to: clothing, leisure time, food, housing, music, religion, art, jobs, physical landscape, locations of both, how each diffuses, hearths For each example you get from one side, try to get the same example for the other side (for instance: pop clothing and folk clothing) 5 on each side!!!!

Culture Hearth Diffusion the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society Basically, what people care about Place where ideas, culture, and innovations spread from Diffusion The spread of a culture element or some other phenomena

Ethnicity & Conflict Ethnic group: people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture Ethnic Conflict: an armed conflict between ethnic groups.

Types of Religion Very influential in cultures Religion Categories: Monotheistic Belief in one god Polytheistic Belief in many gods Animistic Belief in divine forces in nature How religions spread throughout the world: Religion spreads through diffusion and converts.

FAITH FOLLOWERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD… These are estimations!!

Religions and Region

Abrahamic Religions Judaism: Islam: Sunni and Shiite Christianity: Created (and mostly practiced) in Israel Established more than 3,200 years ago Oldest monotheistic religion Basic laws & teachings come from Torah (Holy book) Christianity: Evolved from the teachings of Judaism (2,000 yrs. ago) Monotheistic Based on teachings of Jesus Christ (Son of God to Christians) New Testament of Bible Found on every continent Groups: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox Islam: Based on teachings of Prophet Muhammad Monotheistic God is Allah (Arabic) Close ties to Judaism and Christianity Holy Book = Qur’an 2 major divisions: Sunni and Shiite

Diffusion of Christianity

Diffusion of Islam Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America.

Hinduism: One of the world’s oldest religions (dates back 5,000 years) “Ethnic” religion (India) Polytheistic One or many gods represent an aspect of the divine spirit, Brahman Includes a Caste system (shapes lives and culture) Buddhism: Offshoot of Hinduism Developed in India (563 B.C.) Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha/Enlightened One) Rejected Hindu caste system Focused teachings on correct way to live to reach enlightened spiritual state called NIRVANA

Hindu Caste System

Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

CLICK LINK! http://mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of-religion.html

Types of Government Representative Democracy: Citizens hold political power; “Rule by the People” (U.S.) Monarchy: A ruling family, headed by a king or queen, holds political power (UK) What is a constitutional monarchy?

Dictatorship: An individual or group holds COMPLETE political power (North Korea, Cuba) Military dictatorship: where the government resides within the military.

Economic Systems Traditional: “Barter”; trade without use of money Command: Government determines and owns all means of production Market: “Capitalism”; based on Supply and Demand—consumers play large role Mixed: Combination of command and market