Covalent Bonding All atoms want to have a full outer shell. Non metals do this by sharing electrons. Non metals are on the right hand side of the periodic table.

Diamond Each Carbon atom form 4 covalent bonds. I know what is meant by a covalent bond. I can draw a diagram to show a covalent bond. I know the properties and characteristics of covalent structures. Keywords: Covalent, Electrons, Molecular, Giant Covalent, Diamond Each Carbon atom form 4 covalent bonds. This forms a very rigid structure. This is the hardest natural material – used for drill tips.

Silica (Silicon dioxide) I know what is meant by a covalent bond. I can draw a diagram to show a covalent bond. I know the properties and characteristics of covalent structures. Keywords: Covalent, Electrons, Molecular, Giant Covalent, Silica (Silicon dioxide) This is what sand is made of. Each grain of sand is one giant structure. When melted with sodium carbonate and limestone it forms glass.

Atoms that share electrons can form giant covalent structures. Examples; Diamond, graphite, fullerenes, silica

Covalent Bonding Sharing electrons is known as covalent bonding. We show covalent bonds using dot-cross diagrams. The dots show the electrons in one atom and the crosses show the electrons in another atom.

Example H Cl X

Example H Cl X

Example 2 X X X O C O X X X X X X X X X

Example 2 X X X O C O X X X X X X X X X This is a double bond as each atom shares 2 pairs of electrons to each gain 8 electrons in their outer shell.

Covalent Bonding The bond is an electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei of the atoms and the pairs of negative electrons that are shared between them

Question Draw a molecule of water (H2O) 5 minutes.

Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds can also be represented by straight lines. For example: H-Cl

Double Bonds Double bonds can be shown with two lines. For example, oxygen O2 can be shown as: O=O

Covalent Bonds Methane CH4 Covalent bonds can also be shown by a 3D “ball and stick” model. Methane CH4

Questions Which of these are covalently bonded? NaCl NH3 CaOH H2O CO

Questions NaCl NH3 CaOH H2O CO Which of these are covalently bonded? Remember, covalent bonds form between non-metals.

Questions Using dot-cross diagrams, draw: NH3 H2

Ionic bonding: Al + Cl Al + 3Cl [Al]3+[Cl]3– Cl Al Cl [ Cl ]3– [Al]3+

For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com Covalent bonding Q7 CCl4 - Covalent HCl - Covalent MgF2 - Ionic Cl [ F ]2– [Mg]2+ Cl H Cl C Cl NH3 - Covalent NaCl - Ionic Cl [ Cl ]– [Na] + N H H H2O - Covalent H H2 - Covalent O OH– - Covalent H H H H O H For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com

Do Q. 8. Build models of molecules, O3 as challenge (can’t build it or ionic) Multiple bonds CO2 - Covalent HCl - Covalent Na2O - Ionic O C H Cl [ O ]2– [Na]2+ H Cl C O NH3 - Covalent I2 - Covalent O2 - Covalent I H N O H N O I O3 - Covalent H C H C Al2O3 - Ionic O [ O ]32– [Al]23+ O