Topographic Maps Two-dimensional representation of a Three-dimensional surface. Coordinate systems Latitude/Longitude (spherical) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system Contour Lines: lines of equal elevation. North Arrow Scale Symbols Colors Standard in US: United States Geological Survey (USGS)

General Units and conversions: Page xii, front of lab manual Significant Figures in calculations: 3.0 * 120 = 360 2 3 * 120 = 400 (not 360) 1 3.178 * 122.5 = 389.3 (not 389.305) 4 2.17 * 2,000 (Conversion factor) = 4,340 3 7.1 * 2,000 = 14,000 (not 14,200) 2 Many of your answers should have at least 2 significant figures, but no more than 3, even if not following the “rules”

Page 230 Figure 9.2

Figure 9.2a ___ Minutes = 1 Degree ___ Seconds = 1 Minute 60 60

Not a square. Why not? Equator vs Poles? What is Linville Falls? Square or Rectangle? Figure 9.2b

Figure 9.2c

Linville Falls Latitudes and Longitudes? Page 232 Linville Falls Latitudes and Longitudes? Figure 9.3a

Scales: Ratio and Bar Page 233 Figure 9.3b

Scale Bar Scale (Miles, Feet, Meters) Ratio Scale 1 map unit = # units in real life 1:12,000 1 map unit equals 12,000 real units 1 inch on the map = 12,000 inches in real life or _____ feet (Linville Falls: 1:_______; 1 in ~ ___ feet) 1,000 24,000 2,000

Page 234 Figure 9.4

Page 234 Figure 9.4

DIRECTIONS – TWO METHODS Page 235 DIRECTIONS – TWO METHODS Figure 9.5 N or S first, Degrees to the E or W A to B: N 42 E B to A: ______ # Degrees clockwise from North (0°) A to B: 42° B to A: ______ S 42 W 222

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM) Page 237 Metric (meters) Rectangular, not spherical Figure 9.6

Page 242 Figure 9.10

Units of Elevation (Vertical)? Units of Distance (Horizontal)? Feet Page 242 Figure 9.10a Units of Elevation (Vertical)? Units of Distance (Horizontal)? Feet Miles

What is the contour interval? Page 242 Contour Interval: difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines (that are not equal). What is the contour interval? The location indicated by “x 108” is higher in elevation than 100 feet but less than 150 feet. If no listed elevation, what you predict it to be? Figure 9.10b 50 Feet Half way between 100 feet and the next contour of 150 feet = 125 Feet

Page 244 Figure 9.12

Page 245 Figure 9.13

Page 247 Figure 9.14

Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? North? Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? Draw to edge of figure, and label each line. Page 253 80 100 90 110 UnFigure Pg253_2 120

1) Label “dots” with elevations, increments of 100. Page 253 400 1) Label “dots” with elevations, increments of 100. 2) Notice “V” where 100-foot contour line crosses the stream. Do the same for all other contour lines. 600 500 400 200 UnFigure Pg253_1 400

Page 255 UnFigure Pg255_1

Copy is Black & White, so look at the manual. Page 254 Copy is Black & White, so look at the manual. What do the blue lines represent? What is the contour interval? Which direction to the rivers flow? V’s point Upstream. Scale: 1 km grid Where are Max and Min Elev? UnFigure Pg254 1000 m

Change in elevation divided by distance. Slope: Rise / Run Gradient: Change in elevation divided by distance. Slope: Rise / Run Change in Elevation Distance 200-0 feet 1 mile 100-0 feet Figure 9.13b Relief: Change in elevation on the map. Maximum – Minimum. 266 – 0 = 266 Feet

ACTIVITIES In Handout (circled and 9.1, but not 9.5.A.4) Units/Conversion Factors See Page xii in front of manual 1 ft = 12 in 1 mi = 5,280 ft 1 m = 3.2808 ft 1 m = 1000 mm = 100 cm 1 km = 1000 m

Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? North? Contour Interval? Number of lines 4-6. Where to start? Draw to edge of figure, and label each line. Page 253 80 100 90 110 UnFigure Pg253_2 120