Please sit in your assigned seats and quietly follow the directions below: Answer the following question in your bell ringer notebook. Write the KEY WORDS. In the period from 1865 to 1900, the United States Government aided the development of the West by a. maintaining free and unlimited coinage of silver b. offering low-interest loans to businesses c. granting land to railroad companies d. providing price supports for farm products

Please sit in your assigned seats and quietly follow the directions below: Answer the following question in your bell ringer notebook. "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan ‘Cross of Gold’ Speech, 1898 In this excerpt, the speaker is supporting A) a switch to the gold monetary standard. B) a repeal of federal and state death penalties. C) greater religious and spiritual freedom for all. D) a monetary policy that favors those who are not rich.

USHC Standard 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. USHC 4.5: Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in the late nineteenth-century America, including the movement from farm to city, the changing immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic neighborhoods, the role of political machines, and the migration of African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West.

The Evolution of Cities MAIN IDEA: Cities developed as a result of geographic factors first as centers of trade, then as transportation hubs and finally, with the invention of electricity, as centers of industrial production in the 19th century.

The Evolution of Cities • Cities were affected by technological innovations such as the elevator, steel girders, suspension bridges, electric trolley cars, elevated tracks and subways that allowed cities to grow both skyward and outward • City populations grew as people immigrated from abroad and migrated from the farm to the city • Farm technology played a role as farmers in all regions produced more and sold it for less, defaulted on loans, lost their land and moved to the cities to find work

The Evolution of Cities • Others were attracted to the city because of its rich cultural life and excitement • The majority of the American people still lived outside of urban areas before 1920

The development of cities and immigration • In the late 19th century, immigration patterns changed as more and more immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northern and western Europe. • Nativism increased as Italians and Poles, Jews and Russians came to dominate immigration • Nativism: the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants • A movement to restrict immigration through a literacy test was initiated but was not successful until the 1920’s

The development of cities and immigration • Many immigrants were too poor to move beyond the port cities where they landed • Ethnic neighborhoods grew as immigrants looked for the familiar in a strange new land • Churches, schools, businesses and newspapers reflected the ethnicity of Little Italy, Greektown and Polonia • Many established immigrants helped those who had newly arrived to find jobs and housing, which had a powerful impact on city politics

The development of cities and immigration • People voted for those who found them jobs and helped them through hard times • Immigrants gave their votes to neighborhood and ward bosses in gratitude for the help they received • Although many political bosses were corrupt and routinely used bribery in awarding city contracts, they also served as an important role in helping immigrants adapt to their new country

The development of cities and immigration • Political bosses: a person who wields the power over a particular political region or constituency; bosses may dictate voting patterns, control appointments, and wield considerable influence in other political processes; they do not necessarily hold public office themselves • The power that immigrant groups gave to the urban political machine allowed the bosses to solve important urban problems, despite the abuses that occurred under city bosses such as New York’s Boss Tweed

The development of cities and immigration • Boss Tweed: an American politician in New York known for corruption and eventually convicted of stealing an estimated $25-$200 million ($1-$8 billion today) • Increasingly crowded city conditions led to problems with housing, sanitation, transportation, water, crime and fire

Boss Tweed

The development of cities and immigration MAIN IDEA: The progressive movement developed as a result of the need to address urban problems and political corruption.

The development of cities and African Americans: • Most freedmen stayed in the South immediately after the Civil War MAIN IDEA: In the 1890’s, the migration of African Americans from the South was the result of poor cotton yields due to soil exhaustion, and the boll weevil, as well as discrimination of Jim Crow Laws, intimidation and lynchings

The development of cities and African Americans: • As farm prices fell, African Americans joined other farmers in the move to the cities for job opportunities • Jobs in the mills in the South were not open to African Americans • African Americans headed to the West in search of land and to the cities of the North and Midwest • African Americans faced discrimination in the cities

The development of cities and African Americans: • African Americans were the last hired and the first fired • They were often used as strikebreakers (scabs) so they suffered resentment of striking workers • They were regulated to the least desirable parts of the city in segregated neighborhoods