APES review 3

Forms of nitrogen to know NO : nitric oxide, released to atmosphere by combustion NO2 : nitrogen dioxide, secondary pollutant from oxidation of NO, makes nitric acid NO2- : nitrite NO3- : nitrate, preferred plant nutrient, easily leached N2O : nitrous oxide from denitrification, persistent in atmosphere, GHG N2 : dinitrogen, nitrogen gas, 78% of atmosphere NH3 : ammonia, usually a gas or liquid NH4+ : ammonium, water soluble but usually binds to clay or organics in soil HNO3 NOX : usually considered as a combination of NO and NO2 it makes acid rain

People / events in History John Muir – founder of Sierra Club Rachel Carson – wrote Silent Spring about DDT and its effects Malthus – Yellowstone – first national park - 1872

ENSO – El Nino Southern Oscillation in the south Pacific Ocean

Significant Events Deepwater Horizon Kyoto Protocol Montreal Protocol – 1989 Exxon Valdez – 1989 Chernobyl - 1986 Bhopal disaster – 1984 Love Canal – 1978 Endangered Species Act – 1973 Earth Day – 1970

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand – the amount of oxygen required to decompose the oxygen demanding wastes

1 hectare = 10000 m2 100 hect (10000m2/hect) = 1000000 m2 Increase 1cm or .01 m /day 1000000 m2 (.01 m / day) = 10000 m3

Endangered Species Protection ESA CITES

Describe the Relationship

Definitions –with water Watershed - Clean water Act - Clean Drinking Water Act -

Definitions with Air Clean Air Act – regulates 6 criteria air pollutants Baghouse filter – Air pollution control device that removes particulates – collection efficiency of 99% (more reliable than EP even with small particles) Electrostatic Precipitator – filter that removes particulates from smoke using an electric charge Scrubber – removes SOx and NOx from smoke Dioxin – POPs, byproducts of industrial processes and intentionally in PCBs, highly toxic, carcinogenic, biomagnified

Methane sources Natural Human Causes wetlands Rice paddies Landfills Agriculture - cows

Rainshadow effects