Fig. 1. Proposed pathway leading to the biosynthesis of the glutathionylated pro-precursor (3MH-S-glut) and the cysteinylated precursor (3MH-S-cys) in.

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Fig. 1. Proposed pathway leading to the biosynthesis of the glutathionylated pro-precursor (3MH-S-glut) and the cysteinylated precursor (3MH-S-cys) in grapevine. The production of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) occurred during alcoholic fermentation. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 2. Measurement of 3MH-S-glut, 3MH-S-cys, and GSH contents in grape leaves of seedlings exposed to stress conditions. (A) 3MH-S-glut, (B) 3MH-S-cys, (C) GSH. Chardonnay, Koshu, and Merlot seedlings were used and incubated under stress conditions as described in the Materials and methods. Data are shown as means ±SDs of triplicate experiments. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 6. Hypothetical pathway for the biosynthesis of 3MH-S-glut and 3MH-S-cys in grapevine exposed to environmental stress conditions. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 5. Activity of recombinant VvGSTs in the in vitro synthesis of 3MH-S-glut. (A) The recombinant proteins VvGST1, VvGST3, and VvGST4, in SDS–PAGE. Escherichia coli sonicates are shown in the left panel. His-purified proteins (15 μl of purified solution) electrophoresed on a 12.5% SDS–polyacrylamide gel (right). M, protein marker. Asterisks indicate recombinant VvGST proteins. Vector, pCold I vector as negative control. (B) VvGST3 and VvGST4 mediate 3MH-S-glut synthesis in vitro. Data are shown as means ±SDs of triplicate experiments. n.d., not detected. CGST, commercial GST from equine liver. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 3. Induction of GST and GGT in UV-C-irradiated grape leaves and berries. (A) The expression of VvGST genes (VvGST1, VvGST2, VvGST3, VvGST4, and VvGST5) and 3MH-S-glut content. (B) GGT gene expression and 3MH-S-cys content. Chardonnay seedlings were exposed to UV-C irradiation and cultivated for the indicated periods as described in the Materials and methods. For gene expression analyses, 18S rRNA was used as the internal control. Data were calculated as gene expression relative to 18S rRNA gene expression. Data are shown as means ±SDs of triplicate experiments. (C) GST enzyme activity. (D) GGT enzyme activity. Sauvignon blanc bunches were exposed to UV-C irradiation and incubated for the indicated periods. GST and GGT enzyme activities were measured and calculated as described in the Materials and methods. Data are shown as means ±SDs of triplicate experiments. Control, no treatment; UV, UV irradiation. *P <0.05 as compared with control. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 4. Measurement of 3MH-S-glut, 3MH-S-cys, and GSH contents in grape berries exposed to stress conditions. (A) 3MH-S-glut, (B) 3MH-S-cys, (C) GSH. Grape berries were collected at 16 weeks post-flowering and exposed to each stress. Data are shown as means ±SDs of triplicate experiments. From: Environmental stress enhances biosynthesis of flavor precursors, S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-glutathione and S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-L-cysteine, in grapevine through glutathione S-transferase activation J Exp Bot. 2010;62(3):1325-1336. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq376 J Exp Bot | © 2010 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)