Infancy & Childhood: Social development Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Self-concept 1st step of self-concept - self awareness Mirror experiments Before 6 months: doesn’t recognize as person After 6 months: believes another child Around 15 to 18 months: realizes it is him/herself Make-up on baby’s nose Tries to wipe it off own face Grows until set by around age 10

Judgments & feelings of own value/worth Self-efficacy Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Self-esteem Judgments & feelings of own value/worth Self-efficacy Beliefs about capability of achieving goals Self-esteem vs. Self-efficacy Roughly/simply: who you are vs. what you can/can’t do.

Child rearing practices Affect our early attachments, self-concept Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Child rearing practices Affect our early attachments, self-concept Diana Baumrind 4 major ones

Authoritarian – parent is boss Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Diana Baumrind 4 major ones Authoritarian – parent is boss Authoritative/democratic – parents & children negotiate, discuss 3) Permissive/laissez faire – children have final say 4) uninvolved/neglectful – egocentric adult, doesn’t notice kid

Infancy & Childhood: Social development Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Evaluating parenting styles: Authoritarian Children have little control Feel helpless & incompetent, unable to make decisions (never had to) Authoritative/democratic Children have greatest sense of control Permissive/laissez faire Children have too much control, but few guidelines Never “reigned in” uninvolved/neglectful Bad

Transition between childhood & adulthood Begins: puberty Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: background Adolescence: Transition between childhood & adulthood Begins: puberty Ends: independent adult status Maturation Recently - begins earlier, ends later

Period of sexual maturation: Girls – 11 Boys – 13 Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Physical development Puberty Period of sexual maturation: Girls – 11 Boys – 13 Developing of Primary & Secondary sexual characteristics Milestones: Menarche – 1st menstrual period Spermarche – 1st ejaculation

Early adolescence – concepts Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Physical & cognitive development Early adolescence – concepts Limbic system develops before frontal lobe Result? Often self-focused: Remnants - Egocentrism Theory of mind – still developing

Early adolescence – terms Imaginary audience or spotlight effect Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Cognitive development Early adolescence – terms Imaginary audience or spotlight effect Believe everyone’s attention focused on you Personal fable Belief feeling, situation, etc. are all unique First person to fall in love, have fight with best friend, etc.

Erik Erikson 1902 - 1994 Across the life span: social development Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Erik Erikson 1902 - 1994

Interactions develop over time Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Erik Erikson: Interactions develop over time Each stage of life had psychosocial crises that needed resolution How we resolve each crises determines how/if we move on to next level

Stage 1 - Trust vs. mistrust Infancy To 1 year old Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 1 - Trust vs. mistrust Infancy To 1 year old If needs are met, a sense of trust is formed

Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddlerhood 1 to 2 years Learn to do things for themselves, express own interests Or will doubt abilities

Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt Preschooler 3 to 5 years Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt Preschooler 3 to 5 years Not just doing things independently, initiating them Or feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Stage 4 – Competence/industry vs. Inferiority Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 4 – Competence/industry vs. Inferiority Elementary school 6 years to puberty Learn pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or feel inferior Work replaces play Find something they’re good at

Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role confusion Adolescence Teen years into 20’s Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role confusion Adolescence Teen years into 20’s Learn who they are or be confused

Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult 20’s to early 40’s Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult 20’s to early 40’s Learn to form close relationships, or feel isolated

Males more independent Females more interdependent Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Social development Identity Major task of adolescence – developing an identity Intimacy Ability to form close, loving relationships Need to Identity before you can do this Gender differences: Males more independent Females more interdependent

Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood 40’s to 60’s Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood 40’s to 60’s Feel they are contributing to the world (work, relationship), or they feel they lack purpose

Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood 60’s on Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood 60’s on Looking back at one’s life, either feel a sense of satisfaction or regret

DABDA AKA “Kubler-Ross stages: More or less been discounted Stages: Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: Well being “The Five Stages of Grief” AKA “Kubler-Ross stages: More or less been discounted Stages: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance DABDA

Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-1987 Moral development Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-1987

Our morality develops as our cognition develops Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development Lawrence Kohlberg Our morality develops as our cognition develops Developed a moral ladder Heinz dilemma

Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 1 Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Right and wrong based on what’s best for themselves Stage 1 – Punishment Avoidance Only wrong behavior is when you get caught

Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 1 Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Right and wrong based on what’s best for themselves Stage 2 – Exchange of favors/concrete rewards Do something if they get something out of it Recognize others have needs

Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 3 – Good girl/good boy Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 2 Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 3 – Good girl/good boy Make decisions based on what will please others (especially authority figures) Begin to take other people’s perspectives and feelings into decision making

Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 4 – Law and Order Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 2 Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 4 – Law and Order Look at society for guidelines concerning right and wrong Rules are needed to keep society in order Believe it is their duty to obey them

Stage 5 – Social contract Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 5 – Social contract Laws & rules agreement among people regarding appropriate behavior Useful for general law and order, protect individual rights Laws & rules not absolutes If situations change, so should laws

Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle Rare, even in adults “Utopian” Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle Rare, even in adults “Utopian” Laws & rules that are harmful can be disobeyed (in fact, should be) There are higher laws

Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle

Carol Gilligan Criticisms of Kohlberg 1936 - Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Carol Gilligan 1936 -

Gilligan criticisms: Criticisms of Kohlberg Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Gilligan criticisms:

Kohlberg’s subjects: mostly males Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Gilligan criticisms: Kohlberg’s subjects: mostly males Believes men & woman have different morals A community of moles give shelter to a homeless porcupine. But the moles are constantly stabbed by the porcupine's quills. What should they do?

Criticisms of Kohlberg Kohlberg Gilligan Emphasis: Emphasis: Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Kohlberg Gilligan Emphasis: Emphasis: Fairness -Compassion & caring Justice -Interpersonal relationships Criticisms of both Both view moral development in terms of logic & reasoning Ignore emotional component of morality

Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) Kohlberg’s Stage (in order) Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) 1 Punishment Avoidance Depends on how likely he will get caught    2 Exchange of favors/ concrete rewards Yes – gets wife health back Or… No – pharmacists needs to make a living  3 Good girl/good boy No – if caught others will think ill of him Yes – make his wife happy

Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) Kohlberg’s Stage (in order) Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) 4 Law and Order No, stealing is against the law    5 Social contract Stealing against law, but pharmacist is morally wrong This needs to change!  6 Universal ethical principle Stealing against law, but what pharmacist is doing is worse So o.k. to steal

What does Freddy do, and why? Piaget Developmental psychology: Newborn Development Freddy is four years old and wants to play with the toy that Evan is playing with. What does Freddy do, and why?   Piaget Preoperational stage: egocentrism, can’t see another’s point of view. So, likely would take it Kohlberg Stage 1: Punishment avoidance. He will get punished if he is caught. So, ultimately, wouldn’t take it.

Stage 4: Law and Order. Stealing is against the law. Developmental psychology: Newborn Development Freddy is ten years old and wants to play with the toy that Evan is playing with. What does Freddy do, and why?   Piaget Theory of mind Freddy realizes that Evan is playing with the toy, so shouldn’t take it. Kohlberg Stage 4: Law and Order. Stealing is against the law. So, ultimately, wouldn’t take it.

In both cases, he doesn’t take, but for different reasons. Developmental psychology: Newborn Development In both cases, he doesn’t take, but for different reasons. At four, doesn’t care about Evan, just doesn’t want to be punished.   At ten, realizes that stealing is against the law and can see things from Evan’s point of view (theory of mind).