Instructor: Çağrı Topal BA 4216 Cross-cultural Studies in Organizations Leadership across cultures Instructor: Çağrı Topal

Management vs. leadership Formal-rational Task-oriented (planning/budgeting, organizing/staffing, controlling/problem solving) Leadership Intuitional-rational Person-oriented (establishing direction, aligning people, motivating/inspiring)

Leadership defined-1 The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward a particular goal Getting the best out of subordinates individually and collectively Having a natural authority and respect of others, building effective teams and involving all team members, and giving advice when required Effectively using strategic competencies, power, and influence to accomplish organizational goals

Leadership defined-2 Leadership is an influencing process Leadership requires at least two people, a leader and a follower Leadership occurs when attempting to achieve specific objectives or goals, either explicit or implied

Qualities of a leader Drive (achievement) Leadership Motivation Honesty and integrity Self-confidence Cognitive ability Knowledge of business

Major sources of leadership Power vs. influence Charismatic (e.g. American style) Legal/rational or formal (e.g. German style) Traditional (e.g. Japanese style)

Leadership behaviors and styles Authoritarian Paternalistic Participative Transactional Transformational

Leadership theories: Theory X People do not like to work Workers avoid responsibility Workers like to be directed The primary need is job security People should be controlled and coerced to work Authoritarian and transactional leadership

Leadership theories: Theory Y People are good and trustworthy Workers demand autonomy and responsibility Work is as natural as play or rest Workers exercise self-control if they are committed and motivated Creativity and ingenuity are widely distributed throughout the population Participative and transformational leadership

Leadership theories: Cultural relativity Style adaptive to culture Culturally contingent approach How authority is organized What authority is based on

Leadership in the US Goal orientation and informal Social mobility through hard work Time and efficiency concerns Getting things done Helping subordinates to solve problems Relatively democratic style

Leadership in the Arab world Male-dominated Paternalist and tribal Ottoman-based bureaucratic structure Sheikhocracy Personal autocracy Conformity to rules and regulations

Leadership in Japan Reciprocity Paternalistic Consensus Professional qualities

Leadership in France Hierarchical Elitist Charismatic Less specialized Centralized

Leadership in Russia Centralized Seniority Autocratic Bureaucratic