South Dakota State University North Dakota State University Sustainable Feedstocks for an Oilseed Based Biofuel Industry in the Dakotas K. Grady, T. Nleya, K. Muthukumarappan, B. Karki, U. Lohani South Dakota State University B. Johnson North Dakota State University © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Project Objectives Evaluate oilseed crops for seed yield and oil production. Determine the oil profiles of each crop and evaluate suitability for biofuel production. Evaluate potential profitability for each oilseed crop. Design producer education programs and disseminate production information Develop industrial and producer partnerships that will position the team for nationally competitive grants. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Evaluation of Oilseed Crops Seven oilseed crops, 2 varieties each, 8 locations, 2 years (2012 & 2013) Fall-Planted Winter camelina Field pennycress Spring-Planted Flax Mustard (brown, yellow) Canola (juncea and napus) Crambe Safflower © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Eight Locations * Minot USGS Ecoregions North Dakota * Carrington * Prosper * Hettinger * Bison South Dakota * Pierre * Brookings * Wall © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Winter Oilseed Means Mean yields across 8 environments (lbs/acre) Crop Variety Variety 1 Variety 2 Means Winter Camelina 684 613 649 a Field Pennycress 250 333 292 b Variety Means 467 473 470 LSD (.05) Crop = 151 LSD (.05) Variety (Crop) = 90 © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Spring Oilseeds Highest-yielding Spring Crops by Location and Year   Year State Location 2012 2013 SD Brookings No Difference1 No Difference Pierre Flax1 Flax, Safflower Bison Safflower Wall Safflower2 ND Minot Mustard Prosper Hettinger Crambe Crambe, Flax Carrington Crambe, Safflower 1Safflower not tested 2Mustard, crambe and canola plots lost The highest-yield crop varied with environment. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Crop Evaluation Conclusions Winter camelina out-yielded pennycress at all locations both years. Spring oilseed performance varied by location. ND locations yielded higher than SD for most crops. B. napus canola (DK 30-42) out-yielded B. juncea canola (Oasis). Safflower had the highest overall seed yield over 2 years. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Oil Evaluation Extraction tests: First-year results showed that hexane & ethyl acetate solvents gave the highest oil recovery. Subsequent tests sought to optimize extraction conditions for these two solvents. Extraction time of 90 minutes at 120°C maximized oil recovery for most oilseeds. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Recovered from 2013 SD-grown Oilseeds ASE, Hexane, 120°C, 90 min. Highest amount of oil recovered from flax and DKL 30-42 canola, lowest from crambe. Environment and variety differences. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Recovery via Cold Press from Oilseeds grown in SD in 2013 Highest oil recovery from canola and flax, lowest from crambe, but environment definitely had an influence, at least for some of the crops. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Recovered from ND-Grown Oilseeds ASE, Hexane, 100°C, 90 min. Flax, canola and safflower had the highest oil contents, pennycress the lowest. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Yield (lbs/acre)= seed yield x oil % Crop Variety Brookings Pierre Bison Hettinger Prosper 2012¹ 2013² 2012³ 2013³ Flax Rahab 94 316 395 158 257 301 343 840 433 65 York -- 297 248 152 359 650 390 28 Crambe Meyer 35 167 70 102 Westhope 185 74 Canola Oasis 80 389 10 71 250 34 DKL 30-42 368 605 213 108 273 555 282 Mustard Kodiak 305 351 Pacific Gold 409 136 188 424 217 Centennial 262 22 94 471 319 138 Safflower Cardinal 206 221 418 759 688 Hyb 1601 214 117 454 910 675 1Oil extraction method = ASE, Hexane, 90 minutes, 120 ºC. 2Oil extraction method = cold press, 0.22" die nozzle diameter at 0.20 Hz screw speed. 3Oil extraction method = ASE, Hexane, 90 minutes, 100 ºC. I don’t have data on seed oil content from all of the locations, but this table shows the oil yield in lbs/acre for the locations where both seed yield and oil recovery data were available. Overall, the crops with highest seed yield gave the highest oil yields. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Recovery Conclusions Amount of oil recovered from oilseeds was influenced by crop, variety, and environment. Flax and canola had the highest seed oil contents in most environments, crambe and pennycress the lowest. Crops with highest seed yield had the highest oil yield per acre. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Quality Parameters Heating Value Amount of heat released during combustion. Higher values best for biofuels. Density Lower values best. Viscosity © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Heating Value of Cold-Press Oil from Oilseeds Grown in SD in 2013 Crambe, mustard, and pennycress oils had the highest heating values from oilseeds grown in SD in 2013 © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Heating Value of Solvent-Extracted Oils from Oilseeds Grown at Hettinger and Prosper, ND Heating value of oil varied with crop and the environment in which it was produced, but averaged over environments, mustard and safflower had the highest heating value. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Density of Solvent-Extracted Oils from Oilseeds Grown at Hettinger and Prosper, ND Oil density varied with environment. No clear difference in crop. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Viscosity of Cold-Press Oil from Seven Oilseeds Grown in SD in 2013 Viscosity of cold press oil not influenced greatly by environment. Flax oil least viscous, crambe oil most viscous. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

Oil Quality Conclusions Heating value of oil varied with crop and environment. Oil from crambe, mustard, pennycress and safflower had highest heating value. Oil density also varied with production environment. No clear differences between crops in oil density. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Conclusions (cont.) Oil viscosity seemed less influenced by environment. Flax oil was least viscous. Crambe oil was most viscous. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Economic Analysis Gross Revenue = Marketing year average price for each crop multiplied by crop yield. Used the yield of the highest-yielding variety of each crop at each location. Costs of production estimated using NDSU Extension Farm Management Planning Guides. Return = Gross revenue – Cost of production. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

2012 Returns to Labor & Management Using the yield of the highest-yielding variety of each crop, the marketing year average prices, and cost values from NDSU extension Farm Mgmt Planning guides, the potential return per acre for 4 of the oilseed crops is shown here. Safflower and mustard gave positive returns at all the ND environments in 2012. Flax gave a very low or negative return at all locations and canola returns were mixed. Source of cost values: Swenson, A. and R. Haugen. 2011. Projected 2012 crop budgets, east central and north central North Dakota. Farm Mgmt Planning Guide. NDSU Ext. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

2013 Returns to Labor & Management In 2013, canola gave a negative return at all locations. Safflower and mustard gave positive returns at most locations. Source of cost values: Swenson, A. and R. Haugen. 2012. Projected 2013 crop budgets, east central and north central North Dakota. Farm Mgmt Planning Guide. NDSU Ext. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Next Steps Finish evaluation of potential profitability of each crop. Prepare the final Sun Grant report. Submit manuscript(s) for publication. Apply for additional grant funding. SD Oilseeds Council. USDA Biomass Research and Development Initiative (BRDI). © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org Questions? © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org