NIFISA 3rd Seminar Kanoya/Japan, March 9, 2016 „Sport Policy“ Professor Dr. Walter Tokarski, German Sport University Prof. Dr. Walter Tokarski

Structure of the presentation Some Basics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Operationalization 1.4 Regulation and Governance National sport structures 2.1 Germany European sport structures 3.1 European Union 3.2 European Council

1.1 Introduction: Sport policy - a fuzzy term: There are as many definitions as authors and studies Sport policy - a neglected scientific area Sport policy - not systematically analyzed until today > The field of sport policy is a broad and complex subject: The term sport policy is used to describe and to analyze the policy of the state, of sport associations and institutions, of clubs, of the media, of the sport industry, of sport lobbyists, of the lottery, of volunteers and – of course – of the athletes - all this on international, national, regional and local level.

There are not only diverse connections between the mentioned categories and levels but also different perspectives concerning the role of sport have to be considered too. Sport can be regarded . . . . . . as an autonomous area . . . as a political symbol . . . as field of active and passive action . . . as national matter . . . as international matter . . . as a political vehicle or tool . To sum up: Sport policy is a very complex business with many actors on the field

1.2 How can sport policy be defined? (Part 1) International studies show . . . . . that sport policy is in most of the cases ideologically orientated – it depends on the structure of the state in which it is embeded (democratic vs. totalitarian structures or centralized vs. decentralized structures) . . that sport policy is primarily regarded as part of national domestic policy and national foreign policy . . that sport policy is played by many actors of all categories and on all levels (sport, economy, media, politics etc.) . . that sport policy has become an important vehicle of politics to fullfill societal task and to develop society

1.2 How can sport policy be defined? (Part 2) 1. Governmental definition: . . all actions of the state concerning sport (German Encyclopedia) 2. Institutional definition: . . all actions of institutions from politics, sport and society which are connected with the planning, the development and/or the instrumentalization of sport (Gueldenpfennig 1981) 3. Stakeholder definition . . all actions of actors from politics, sport and society which are connected with the planning, the development and/or the instrumentalization of sport in the form of enacting law and regulations as well as to develop programmes and types of intervention (Groll 2005)

1.3 How can sport policy be operationalized? Sport policy has three dimensions which are strongly linked together: Dimension 1: All institutions, organisations/federations, actors and their positions within the national and international sport system as well as their constitutions, statutes and the law are contents of this dimension, i.e. all institutions/actors who are involved in decisions > polity dimension Dimension 2: The decision processes governed by the interests of the institutions/actors as well as the way of realization and implementation of contents, objectives and interests are contents of this dimension > politics dimension Dimension 3: The objects and objectives of political programmes and intervention processes as well as the task to be fullfilled by the actors are contents of this dimension > policy dimension

The developed scheme can be used to analyze . . . Sport policy is policy on the field of sport to guarantee successful outcomes and to produce spheres of freedom in which the great potential of sport can be developed to the full The developed scheme can be used to analyze . . . > elite sport > local sport > sport for all > regional sport > school sport > national sport > recreational sport > European sport > sport and health > other international sport > . > . to show how sport policy functions.

1.4 Regulation and Governance Regulation, de-regulation Governing Governance Regulation Global governance Central regulation Corporate governance De-regulation Public-private-cooperation Self regulation Controlling Governance means the total sum of all ways on which individuals, public and private institutions arrange and/or regulate their common matters. It is a continuous process in which opposing or different interests become balanced and cooperative actions are initiated (Development and Peace Foundation 1995).

2.1 National sport structures: Germany The system of sport organization in Germany 2.1 National sport structures: Germany Chart 1: Organization of Sport in Germany Prof. mult. Dr. Walter Tokarski 3

German sport is characterized by following principles: Autonomy is a basic right for German sport There is no direct legislation for sport in Germany (except doping: new 2015) The state has no mandate for sport Sport federations/organisations/clubs have the right of self governance Control is only given through financial incentives

Promotional strategies for sport: examples on federal and regional level  Regional Level Chart 1: Organization of Sport in Germany Prof. mult. Dr. Walter Tokarski 13

Distribution of competences and administrative responsibility in German sport system National Elite sport, Olympic centres, national coaches, army sport, sport of the handicapped Regional School sport, recreational sport, sport facilities (together with the communities) Local Sport facilities (together with the regional sport authorities), clubs Example: Hamburg bidding for Olympic Games 2024

3.1 European sport structures: European Union Twenty-seven member states also mean twenty-seven unique sport systems and countless aspects of sport developments in the EU 3.1 European sport structures: European Union

European Commission: DG Education and Culture Die Struktur des Europäischen Sports European Parliament: Committee European Federations EOC ESMC CDDS National Federations NOC´s Council of the European Union European Union ENGSO Council of Europe ESC National Sports Confederations European Commission: DG Education and Culture European Sports Forum Sportministers of GO´s National Governments

The White Paper on Sport (2007) First initial document which covers all aspects of sport Tries to give sport in Europe a strategic direction Increases the visibility of sport within the EU policy, makes aware of the needs and the characteristics and the special quality of the sport sector and gives visions of suitable actions on EU level The White Paper: - describes the societal role of sport describes the economic role of sport the organisation of sport discusses further actions

The societal role of sport in the EU To improve public health through physical activity To fight against doping To expand the role of sport in education To support volunteerism and develop civil society through sport To use the potential of sport for social integration To protect sport against racism and violence To support the development of European values To support sustainable development

The economic role of sport in the EU To emphasize the economic significance of sport To make the financial support of sport safe To secure media rights To fight against corruption, money laundering and financial crime To support local and regional development To support employment in sport To solve problems of taxation in sport To solve problems of subventions in sport

Although the national sport systems are autonomous (subsidiarity!) there are some aspects which can or should be solved on European level, i.e. Doping sanctions Freedom of movement, mobility and national status Transfer rules Role of players agents Licence system for clubs Discrimination in sport Manipulation of football games Betting .

The White Paper (2007) is still in power but there are a number of initiatives working on the improvement of the paper and add ons: Better cooperation in Europe especially more dialogues among the actors – new Sport Intergroup of the European Parliament established 2014 New EU Agenda and action plans planned New projects especially in the societal and the health area Emphasize the roles of Recreational and school sport More direct sport actions as symbols for European activities in sport like the „European Week of Sport“ in September 2015

3.2 European sport structures: European Council

Thank you very much