CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SCENERY HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SCENERY Start describing how Karst features are formed by describing the erosion process CHEMICAL SOLUTION. It is unlikely that you will be asked about the creation of the limestone itself. Do not spend much time in a question explaining this. Karst scenery features start withthe exposure of the rock to the elements, laterally by the glaciers. You MUST be able to explain the basic chemistry of the erosion process- mention the PH quality of both rain AND rock! Chemical formulae are not essential- but get them right if you use them!

Underground, overground, (Wombling free?) HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Underground, overground, (Wombling free?) The question asks you to explain the formation of upland limestone scnery. Start above the limestone plateau on the uppermost impermeable rock layer. Describe its impermeability! (It has streams at the surface!) Then tell the story of the river as it flows onto the limestone pavement- describe the limestone with its clints and grikes. Describe the features found at the surface like scars, dry valleys and shake-holes. Pavement, clints,grikes Do not describe yet the features caused by water erosion underground, like gorges.

Dry valley shakehole Erratic Joints and bedding planes HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Joints and bedding planes Erratic Dry valley shakehole

Where does it come back OUT of solution? IN THE CAVERN SYSTEMS ! HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION The river finds a swallowhole and disappears underground. Why? Remind the reader about solution. Describe where the calcium carbonate goes to when dissolved- INTO THE WATER ! Where does it come back OUT of solution? IN THE CAVERN SYSTEMS !

Remember the benefit of a well-labelled diagram! HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Explain how the water gets into the cavern in the first place- joints ! Describe the formation of stalactites and stalagmites, with pillars and flowstones as added extras. Explain carefully how the CaCO2 gets out of the water and forms the features. This is poorly labelled! Remember the benefit of a well-labelled diagram!

Tell how solution can create a limestone GORGE at the surface. HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Continue the story of the river as it flows down inside the limestone through the passages and tunnels. Tell how solution can create a limestone GORGE at the surface. Explain where the water goes to once it reaches the base of the limestone plateau.- RE-EMERGENT STREAM or resurgence

What factors determine the amount of erosion? water-layer weathering HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION COASTLINES- erosion features Remember to detail the processes of erosion by the water- there are 6- can you remember them all? What factors determine the amount of erosion? corrosion attrition solution hydraulic action water-layer weathering wave pounding Fetch Wave details Weather details Local geology

There are eight erosion-related features you need to learn up. HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION There are eight erosion-related features you need to learn up. You need to be able to ;- Describe them using their proper terms Explain IN DETAIL how they form Draw simple LABELLED SKETCHES of them Give EXAMPLES of them in the UK. BAY AND HEADLAND CAVE AND BLOWHOLE STACK STUMP ABRASION NOTCHES ARCH NEEDLE WAVE-CUT PLATFORM

Natural arch Lulworth cove Stacks and stumps HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Stacks and stumps Natural arch Bay and headland formation Lulworth cove

Remember the benefit of a well-labelled diagram! HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION Transportation of eroded sediments is done by which process? Explain how it works. Why do the waves travel at an angle onto the beach? What happens to the particles as they are transported? Remember the benefit of a well-labelled diagram! Sorted beach sediments

How do these features form? Do you know what these terms mean? HIGHER GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL REVISION How do these features form? Do you know what these terms mean? BEACH BAY BAR SPIT TOMBOLO HEADLAND SORTING GROYNE RAISED BEACH RIA FIORD LAGOON SALT MARSH SHINGLE SWASH BACKWASH ON-SHORE WIND WHAT WORLD-WIDE EVENT CAUSES THESE LAST THREE FEATURES?