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Forensic Science International Experimental study of the coupling parameters influencing the terminal effects of thoracic blunt ballistic impacts Julien Pavier, André Langlet, Nicolas Eches, Nicolas Prat, Patrice Bailly, Jean-François Jacquet Forensic Science International Volume 252, Pages 39-51 (July 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Input force Fe and output force Fs vs. time (sample 23). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Strain-rate of 780s−1 (a) and stress–strain curves (b) of the three materials. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Dynamic and static hysteresis. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Kinematic of the 40mm caliber projectiles 22L and 23L. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Influence of the projectile characteristics on the impact force on a rigid wall. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 The peak force of projectiles 22S, 23S, 23L, plotted vs. the impact velocity. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Mounting of the biological surrogate and schematic view of the experimental bench. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Speckle and size of the area defined for the image correlation process (a). 3-D reconstruction (b) and (c) plane views of the normal displacement field W of the rear side of the lateral TW (23S – 50J). The spine is at the bottom of the image. The white line follows the impacted rib. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 23L projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 23S projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 22S projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 Typical views of the rib response showing the fracture. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 Accelerations of the ribs and of the three projectile bases (absolute values). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 14 Acceleration (a) and velocity (b) of the projectile base. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 15 Deformed shapes of the rib obtained from the acceleration measurements (a) 23S – 89J, (b) 23L – 90J. Corresponding impulse histories and events (c). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 16 Examples of impulse histories (a) and comprehensive plot of I (b) (the star symbols indicate the values corresponding to rib fractures). Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 17 The local maximal displacement Wmax vs. the pre-impact momentum Q0 (a), (b), and vs. the pre-impact kinetic energy Ec (c), (d). Results (c) and (d) were obtained with living pigs in the study of [11]. Forensic Science International 2015 252, 39-51DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.04.004) Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions