COMP: The What-Where and Why (not just the when) Do Now: Multiple choice question on Neolithic During the Neolithic era from 8000 BC.E-4000 B.C.E in the Middle East And the Americas both developed sedentary societies surrounding Agricultural productivity, both fostered a division of labor due to agricultural Surplus, yet the Americas would not pass this knowledge on to neighboring Societies whilst the Middle Eastern technology would readily spread to South Asia and Europe. COMP: The What-Where and Why (not just the when) How and why civilizations choose to do AS THEY DO.

Comparative Thesis . Since the thesis identifies 3 arguments, you may choose 2 and 1. From 8000 B.C.E-4000 B.C.E both Western Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa ________________, and__________________, however Africa independently innovated agriculture while Europe’s introduction was the byproduct of cultural diffusion

Some things to consider Independent innovation vs cultural diffusion Some areas proved more favorable to agriculture while others were more favorable to pastoralism (herding) Differences in geography led to differences in plants and animals The Middle East (SW Asia) domesticated first because thawing of the ice age happened there first Sedentary societies had different priorities than pastoral. A similarity can also be a difference. How?

Agriculture Slowly Spreads: What do you notice about the core areas? The Neolithic Revolution Agriculture Slowly Spreads: What do you notice about the core areas? What is life like if all plants and animals had to remain in their indigenous locations? How would the world have developed differently? Similar? Choose a topic/product/idea- what does their “Spread” Map look like now(2010)?

Brainstorm Similarities Differences Domestication of plants and animals Surplus of agriculture led to division of labor Many began a pattern of settlement Beginning of the rise of patriarchy New tools came about Larger populations in certain regions Permanent settlements began More complex religious and political structures were developed Some independently innovated others culturally diffused Different plants and animals in different geographic regions Some did not have agriculture which favored settlement Nomadic vs sedentary Earlier rather than later based on ending of the ice age Role of migration of early humans

Independent Development vs. The Neolithic Revolution Independent Development vs. Cultural Diffusion Areas of Independent Development: SW Asia (wheat, pea, olive, sheep, goat) China & SE Asia (rice, millet, pig) Americas (corn, beans, potato, llama) Areas of Agriculture Through Diffusion: Europe West & Sub-Saharan Africa (?) Indus River Valley (rice cultivation)

Ch 1 Strayer’s Ways of the World From 12,000 B.C.E-4,000 B.CE in both the San in South Africa and the Chamash in Southern California both relied on hunting and gathering for sustenance, both utilized stone tools. However, the Chumash had a richer environment leading to greater advancements while the San eked out a meager existence

San and Chumash Similarities Difference Both Paleolithic societies Both hunter gatherers Both division of labor by gender No written language nomadic Chumash developed canoes ( tomol) Chumash richer environment Chumashmore class distinctions while San had more equality between the sexes Living conditions more elaborate in Chumash San more vulnerable to nature less stability in food sources Chumash more permanent dwellings

COMP: The What-Where and Why (not just the when) During the Neolithic era from 8000 BC.E-4000 B.C.E in the Middle East And the Americas both developed sedentary societies surrounding Agricultural productivity, both fostered a division of labor due to agricultural Surplus, yet the Americas would not pass this knowledge on to neighboring Societies whilst the Middle Eastern technology would readily spread to South Asia and Europe. COMP: The What-Where and Why (not just the when) How and why civilizations choose to do AS THEY DO.

1.Both the Agricultural societies of Catalhuyuk of Sothern Turkey and the Pastoral peoples of the steppes of Central Asia domesticated animals like camels, horses, pigs, sheep and chicken for their use as food and labor

E. Domesticated animals were biologically engineered for their favorable attributes including their abilities to provide labor as a draft animal and milk and meat to facilitate a more reliable food source regardless of the geographic region

2.Areas in the Deserts fostered little agricultural goods so pastoral peoples relied more on their animals and the sparse fodder which fed them while Neolithic societies in the Middle East made use of grains cereals and established more complex societies

D. Due to the fact that agriculture and its surplus led to a varied diet in the Middle East, more complexities like labor specialization and development of sickles and tools whilst the pastoral societies tended to maintain their small size and limited technology out of necessity

3. Societies in Africa and the Americas both developed new forms of agricultural technologies based on food products such as Sorghum, millet and Corn, beans and squash

C. Although geographically different, the variations of African and American diets led to larger populations due to the steadily reliable source of food

4. The late pattern of settlement of the Americas ( based on the North/South migrations) compared to the Middle East ( East/West) led to more independent innovations creating agriculture independently whilst the Middle East culturally diffused these ideas amongst their neighbors in Jarmo, Jericho and CatalHuyuk

B. Migratory patterns based on Diamond’s (Jared) thesis led to a divergent pattern of development with Neolithic societies in the Middle East advanced in fields of technology, writing and trade while American societies slowly advanced without the benefit of contact with other cultures.

5. Political chiefdoms emerged in both the Middle East and the Cahokia in North America for the purpose of distinctions of birth and charisma not necessarily force

A. These new political forces established during the Neolithic era were there to guide and lead and began a pattern of the distinctions of elite and commoner based on individuals birth and ritual status to provide for society’s needs

From 8000 B.C.E- 4000 B.C.E, the Neolithic Revolution in the Middle East and Latin America both domesticated plants and animals for food stability and survival however, the Middle East will culturally diffuse their agricultural developments to Europe and Asia While Latin America’s isolation geographically led to independent innovation. The Middle East’s East-West pattern of trade connectivity would see the advancements of metallurgy while the North-South pattern of migration/settlement would see no major advancements in metallurgy The Middle East would domesticate grains and barley as well as the dog and mule while Latin America would domesticate tomatoes, corn and potatoes and the llama Middle Eastern cultures passed their knowledge of agriculture and domestication via trade routes and river travel while Latin America’s isolation maintained limited interaction of diffusion of ideas of domestication. The geographic lack of beasts of burden and development of the wheel and isolation prevented Latin America from gaining access to metals while the Middle Eastern early pattern of settlement provided time and access to metals like copper and tin. The desire to control their respective environments and the need for food stability would illustrate both cultures ability to tame their respective environments and establish a pattern of settlement. Prof Diamond argues that the East-West pattern of settlement of Afro Eurasia facilitated cultural diffusion while the North-South pattern of settlement of the Americas isolated them requiring a need for independent innovation. A geographic determinists might argue that the ability to settle early and maintain a shared contact with other cultures led to advancement in the Middle East while the isolation and after pattern of settlement prevented access to metals in Latin America