Discussion: Philosophers What are the main ideas of each philosopher? How are these ideas revolutionary in this time period? Rank the philosophers according to how much you agree with them (Example: 1. Hobbes, 2. Rousseau, 3. Locke)

Which Enlightenment philosopher were you? Tell your group of which philosopher you matched up with best Describe why you think they’re right

Ideas of the Enlightenment

1. Voltaire 2. Montesquieu 3. Beccaria 4. Mary Astell 5. Mary Wollstonecraft 6. Catherine 7. Frederick Which of these people… Disliked his future wife so much he contemplated suicide before marrying her? Married an anarchist? Was rumored to have had a child that was not her husband’s? Was imprisoned for insulting a French nobleman? Had a daughter who wrote Frankenstein?

Central Ideas of the Enlightenment Hobbes – People are bad, absolute monarchy is needed to keep people in line Locke – People are born free, have natural rights, have ability to overthrow government Rousseau – Individual freedom, direct democracy needed

The Thinkers Enlightenment at its peak in mid-1700s France The thinkers of this time were known as Philosophes (French word for philosopher)

Other important thinkers of this time…

Voltaire Believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech Twice sent to prison “I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.” D = 1

Montesquieu Believed in political liberty Argued for a separation of powers – dividing power between different parts of the government “Power should be a check to power.”

Cesare Beccaria Believed in justice, not revenge Laws exist to preserve social order, not avenge crimes Believed in speedy trial, no torture, no capital punishment (death penalty)

Mary Astell Believed in education and equality for women “If men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Mary Wollstonecraft Believed women should receive as much education as men Believed women should enter medicine and politics B=5 E=5

Philosophes’ Ideas 1. Reason – Truth could be discovered through logic 2. Nature – Things that are natural are good 3. Happiness – Wanted people to be happy on earth (instead of just after death) 4. Progress – Society should focus on improving 5. Liberty – Political freedom important

Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in progress Importance of individualism A more secular outlook Changed the way people thought about religion

Enlightenment Spreads

Salons Salons: Philosophers, writers, artists and scientists met socially to discuss ideas

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Diderot published an “Encyclopedia” Collecting all knowledge gives humans "the power to change men's common way of thinking”

Enlightenment and Monarchy Some Enlightenment philosophers didn’t want monarchies Others wanted rulers to lead fairly Monarchs who embraced ideas of the Enlightenment were called enlightened despots They supported Enlightenment ideas – in theory Still wanted to maintain absolute power

Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 Granted religious freedoms Reduced censorship, improved education Eliminated torture Did not eliminate serfdom, even though he thought it was wrong A=7!

Joseph II Royal reformer from Austria (1780- 1790) Reformed laws and granted freedom of press Supported freedom of religion Abolished serfdom His reforms were reversed after he died

Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762-1796 Read the Enlightenment thinkers, exchanged letters with Voltaire Called a commission to reform Russian laws She recommended allowing religious freedom, and eliminating torture & the death penalty The commission disagreed She put some reforms in place but didn’t accomplish her main goals because of the nobles 6=C!

At the bottom of your paper: Create 3 review questions about the Enlightenment: 1 multiple choice. 1 fill-in-the-blank. 1 short answer (could be answered in 2 sentences) Not too hard, not too easy!

What were the main ideas of each thinker? SYMBOL Hobbes Locke Rousseau Montesquieu Beccaria Mary Astell Wollstonecraft Voltaire Rank these Philosophes 1-8. 1 being you most closely associate with them, 8 being the least.

Philosopher Country Project

Goal Ultimately, you & your group will design your philosopher’s ideal country First, you have to gather additional information about your philosopher’s background You and your team members must use different sources to make sure you gather as much info as possible

Groups—3 per Philosophe (1st) Locke (2)-Ben, Erik, Anthony, Peter, Tom, Gus Hobbes-Justin, Sophia, April, David Rousseau (2)-Jacob, Eric, Liam, Rachel, Kaelan, Chloe, Claire Voltaire-Amanda, Josh, Andrew Montesquieu-Jessica, Lily, Adina, Kaley Beccaria-Emily, Katie, Julia Mary Astell- Eliza, Courtney, Jordi Wollstonecraft-Rachel, Aubrietta, Makena

Groups—3 people per Philosophe (2nd) Locke (2)-Brenden, Jake, Cole C, Stephen Hobbes-Thor, Griffin, Jack C, Liam P Rousseau (2)-Nathan, Jameson, Davis, Sora Voltaire- Tyler, Avery, Preston, Cole T Montesquieu-Luke, Lauryn, Ethan Beccaria-Liam G, Alex, Jack L Mary Astell- Emily, Maddy, Brookley Wollstonecraft- Anna, Andie, Jared

Groups—3 people per Philosophe (3rd) Locke (2)-Maddy, Makena, Sheri, Hunter, Alaina, Jon Hobbes- Ben, Samuel Rousseau (2)-Jared, Haley, Bryce, Akim, Lucas, Asia Voltaire-Denis, Roberto. Caleb Montesquieu-Logan, Abby J, Trinity Beccaria-Michael, Shelby, Aspen Mary Astell-Bella, Sophie, Lauren Wollstonecraft-Allie, Mac, Rebecca

Groups—3 people per Philosophe (6th) Locke (2)-Zach M, Ben, Zack W, Allison, Kenzie, Kendall, Jennifer Hobbes-Jack, Alex, Samuel Rousseau –Emma, Anthony, Alexis Voltaire (2)-Tay, Maggie, Griffin, Torin, Anias, Marques Montesquieu-Bain, Rebecca, Carolyn Beccaria-Kyle, Daniella, John, Tasha Mary Astell-Sidney, Brandon, Glen Wollstonecraft-Ruby, Julia, Rachel