Michael Aquino Emilio Fusco Shannon Wallace Learning Chapter 5 Michael Aquino Emilio Fusco Shannon Wallace

Types of learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognitive approaches to learning

Classical Conditioning What is learning? Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience McDonalds Golden Arches is an example of classical conditioning. Changes in behavior due to the nature and nurture principle. Short term changes in behavior due to factors other than learning (does not mean unlearned) Habituation is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Mcdonalds golden arches

The Basics of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning- A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings out that response Ivan Pavlov Developed the principles of classical conditioning.

Neutral Stimulus- A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Unconditioned Stimulus(USC)- A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Unconditional Response (UCR)- A response that is natural and needs no training Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned Response (CR)- A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.

Applying Conditioning Principles to Human behavior Conditioned=Learned Unconditioned= not learned. An unconditioned stimulus (USC) leads to an unconditioned response (USCR) Unconditioned stimulus- unconditioned response pairings are not learned and not trained: They are naturally occurring During conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus is transformed into the conditioned stimulus.

Applying Conditioning Principles to Human behavior John B. Watson and colleague Rosalie Rayner (1920) Demonstrated classical conditioning through the “ Little Albert” experiment.

Applying Conditioning Principles to Human behavior Phobia-Intense irrational fears PTSD – Post traumatic stress disorder Drug addiction

Extinction Extinction- A basic Phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. Spontaneous recovery- the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest after no further conditioning.

Stimulus generalization Stimulus discrimination John Garcia’s Study on some organisms being biologically prepared.

Cognitive Approaches to Learning Cognitive Learning Theory- An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. This theory suggests that people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response.

The Types Of Cognitive Learning Latent learning- Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it. Observational Learning- Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model. (Ex. Baby animals knowing how to hunt through demonstration of parent) Cognitive Map- A mental representation of spacial locations and directions.

Learning Through Imitation By imitating others children and adults can learn new things Researchers have begun to examine how this process occurs in the brain: Mentalizing- understanding someone’s mental state Neuroscience- The discovery of mirror neurons that fire when you observe another person carrying out a behavior suggests the capacity to imitate others is innate (being talented inheritantly good at something)

Albert Bandura According to Bandura and colleagues, a huge part of learning consists of observational learning In Bandura’s study, young children saw a film of an adult wildly hitting a 5-feet-tall inflatable punching doll The children were then given the opportunity to play with the doll, and in most cases, copied the behavior identically http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE

OPERANT CONDITIONING What is Operant conditioning? Operant Conditioning is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on it’s favorable or unfavorable consequences. To be put simply, It is a response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus is more likely to occur again.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cOKbiuGhp8

Thorndike’s Law of Effect Thorndike’s Law of effect suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated. If the situation is followed by a discomfort, the connection to the situation will become weaker and the behavior response is less likely to occur when the situation is repeated (Edward Thorndike) Thorndike conducted an experiment to prove his theory.

Puzzle Box http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fanm--WyQJo

Reinforcer Reinforcer- The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guroaQRFsX4

Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcment- Satisfies some biological needs. This works naturally, regardless of a persons previous experience. Secondary Reinforcer- Stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcement.

Positive and Negative Positive Reinforcer - A stimulus added to the environment that brings an increase in a preceding response Negative Reinforcer – An unpleasant whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. Punishment- A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

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