Exercise Science Section 2: The Skeletal System An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

Role of the Skeleton Protection Framework Attachments for muscles Storehouse for essential nutrients Blood-cell formation ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

About Bone … Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine Resists compression and tension Bound by joints (through ligaments) Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones: 26 vertebral column 1 hyoid 22 skull 6 auditory 24 ribs The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones: 64 upper extremity 62 lower extremity Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) = 206 bones ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Five Types of Bones Long Found in arms and legs Short Found in wrists and ankles Flat Bones of the skull Irregular Bones of the vertebrae Sesamoid Wrapped within tendons (patella) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Anatomy of a Long Bone Cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Compact bone Cancellous bone Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Human Skeleton Anterior view ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Human Skeleton Posterior view ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

The Skull – Anterior View Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

The Skull – Lateral View Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Occipital bone Maxilla Nuchal line Mastoid process External auditory meatus Mandible ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

The Vertebral Column – Lateral View Atlas Axis Cervical region Seventh cervical vertebra Intervertebral disk Thoracic region Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Lumbar region Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacrum Sacral and coccygeal region Coccyx ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Thoracic Cage – Anterior View First thoracic vertebra Manubrium Sternum Seven true ribs Body Xiphoid process Three false ribs Two floating ribs ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book.

Thoracic Cage – Posterior View Clavicle Scapula ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Scapula – Anterior View Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Scapula – Lateral View Acromion Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Glenoid fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Lateral border Inferior angle ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Scapula – Posterior View Coracoid process Scapular notch Acromion process Superior angle Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Scapular spine Infraglenoid tubercle Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Humerus – Anterior View Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular (bicipital) groove Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Capitulum Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Trochlea ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Humerus – Posterior View Head Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Ulna – Anterior View Olecranon Olecranon process Trochlear (semilunar) notch Coronoid process Radial notch of ulna Ulna tuberosity Styloid process of ulna ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Radius – Anterior View Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process of radius ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Left Hand – Anterior View Ulna Radius Scaphoid bone Hamate bone Carpals (proximal) Lunate bone Capitate bone Triquetrum bone Carpals (distal) Trapezoid bone Pisiform bone Trapezium bone Metacarpals Sesamoid bone Proximal phalax (of thumb) Distal phalanx (of thumb) Phalanges (Digits) Proximal phalanx (of finger) Middle phalanx (of finger) Distal phalanx (of finger) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Pelvis (Male) – Anterior View Crest of ilium Sacrum Sacroiliac joint Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Os coxae Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Superior ramis of pubis Symphysis pubis Inferior ramis of pubis ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Pelvis (Male) – Posterior View Fifth lumbar vertebra Sacrum Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Coccyx ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required text book.

Right Femur – Anterior View Head Greater trochanter Neck Intertrochanteric line Lesser trochanter Shaft Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar groove Medial condyle ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Right Femur – Posterior View Head Greater trochanter Neck Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Pectineal line Linea aspera Shaft Intercondylar fossa Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Right Fibula and Tibia – Anterior View Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle of tibia Medial condyle of tibia Head Tibial tuberosity Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Anterior crest Tibial tuberosity Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Right Foot – Superior View Calcaneus Talus Tarsals Cuboid Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Metatarsals Lateral cuneiform Proximal phalanx Phalanges (Digits) Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx (of great toe) Distal phalanx Distal phalanx (of great toe) ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Bone Formation and Remodelling Ossification (bone formation ) takes two forms: Compact bone (begins as cartilage): Osteoblasts discharge osteoid into which minerals are deposited to form the hardened material recognized as bone Cancellous bone (begins as fibrous membranes): Osteoblasts release osteoid into membrane which forms a sponge-like bundle of fibres Cancellous bone formation develops outward from these centres in the membrane Bone remodelling has two main phases: Osteoclasts release acids and enzymes to remove old bone Osteoblasts deposit new tissue ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Epiphyseal Plates and Lines Epiphyseal plates (growth plates) Occur at various locations at the epiphyses of long bones Growth possible Epiphyseal lines Occur when epiphyseal plates have fused or come together Growth not possible Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal plate ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Types of Fractures Stress fracture – most difficult to detect Simple fracture – no separation (hairline fracture) Compound fracture – bone breaks into separate pieces Comminuted fracture – bone shatters into many pieces Simple fracture Compound fracture Comminuted fracture ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

Effects of Aging – Skeletal System Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward Process of bone remodelling reverses – resorption occurs Results in a 5–0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade Affects overall calcium levels in the body Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption Leads to bone fragility Increased susceptibility to bone fractures Preventative measures include: Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle Weight-bearing exercises Bone density testing and medication when appropriate ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003 ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.