Chapter 9 Terrorism: From Hometown Security to Homeland Security 1-

Introduction September 11, 2001, unified the American people in a way most had never seen Our country has embarked on a new era of policing Heightened focus and increased attention placed on terrorism has not absolved local law enforcement of its duties There is a need to balance crime-fighting efforts with counterterrorism efforts 1-

Homeland Security in Context GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES Improve its vigilance Increase its preparedness Reduce its vulnerabilities Strengthen against any future attack Confront threats © AP Images/Charles 1-

Terrorism Defined TERRORISM No single, universally accepted definition Common elements Physical violence against noncombatants Create a climate of fear Religious, political, or social change Learning Objective: What most definitions of terrorism include. 1-

Classification of Terrorist Acts FBI CLASSIFICATIONS Depends on the origin, base, and objectives Domestic terrorism International terrorism The dual threat Homegrown violent extremists (HVEs) Radicalization Learning Objective: How the FBI classifies terrorist acts. 1-

Ideology and Motivations for Terrorism ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES AND FRAMEWORK Right-wing extremists Sovereign citizens Left-wing extremists Pro-life extremists Animal rights activists Environmental extremists Ecoterrorism Learning Objective: What motivates most terrorist attacks. Learning Objective: What domestic terrorist groups exist in the United States. 1-

A New Kind of War—An Asymmetric War ENTIRELY DIFFERENT TYPE OF WARFARE Much weaker opponent takes on a stronger opponent Refusal to confront head-on Gradual wearing down of enemy Unpredictable Psychologically damaging “Death by a thousand cuts” 1-

Methods Used by Terrorists UNCONVENTIONAL Armed attacks Explosives and bombs Suicide bombers Martyrs Reverence Car bombs Vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) Stealth and simplicity Cont. © David Turnley/CORBIS Learning Objective: What methods terrorists might use. 1-

Methods Used by Terrorists UNCONVENTIONAL Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) Biological agents Bioterrorism Agroterrorism Chemical agents Nuclear terrorism Technological terrorism 1-

Funding Terrorism FINANCING THE OPERATION Collaborate with organized criminal groups Smuggle stolen goods and contraband Charitable groups Wealthy Arabs sympathetic to the group’s cause Investigating charities Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance 1-

Valuable Targets for a Terrorist Attack PURPOSE AND FOCUS High-occupancy structures Significant number of lives are affected Structure containing dangerous substances High-use portion of the infrastructure “Soft targets” Symbolic targets 1-

The Federal Response to Terrorism ENHANCED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POWERS The Department of Homeland Security Preventing terrorism and enhancing security Securing and managing our borders Enforcing and administering our immigration laws Safeguarding and securing cyberspace Ensuring resilience to disasters Cont. Learning Objective: What federal office was established as a result of 9/11 and what its purpose is. 1-

The Federal Response to Terrorism ENHANCED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POWERS The USA PATRIOT Act Using tools already in use Facilitating information sharing Increasing the penalties for terrorism Controversy over the USA PATRIOT Act Changes in the FBI following 9/11 Learning Objective: What the lead federal agencies are in responding to acts of terrorism and handling consequence management. Learning Objective: How the USA PATRIOT Act enhances counterterrorism efforts by the United States. 1-

The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY Understanding typical stages in a terrorist attack Understanding and identifying the enemy Intelligence gathering and sharing The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 Fusion Centers 1-

Responding to a Terrorist Attack or Attempt FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE Responding to suicide bombers Responding to WMD incidents Lessons learned from Mumbai Heed the warning signs Leadership must be proactive Prevention and deterrence System capability and officer response © AP Images/Toby Talbot Learning Objective: What the first line of defense against terrorism in the United States is. 1-

Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism Increased border security Community vulnerability assessment methodology The Terrorist Screening Center Government’s Terrorist Watchlist The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) Comprehensive risk management framework Cont. Learning Objective: What three obstacles to intelligence effectiveness are. 1-

Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism The Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) Counterterrorism center The Center for Food Protection and Defense Safeguard the security of the food system The National Incident Management System First standardized management approach 1-

The Role of News Media in the War on Terrorism SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP Media gain tremendous viewership Revenue to the media Pleases sponsors Contagion effect Terrorists rely on coverage Spread information Attention to their cause Climate of fear 1-

Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE Concern for civil rights American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Retaliation or discrimination People of Middle Eastern descent Lack of cultural awareness Language barriers Distrust Learning Objective: What two concerns are associated with the current “war on terrorism.” Learning Objective: What balance law enforcement must maintain in the “war on terrorism.” 1-

Community Policing and Homeland Security EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES Citizen Corps Neighborhood Watches If You See Something, Say Something Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative (NSI) Hometown security Learning Objective: What the Community Protection Act authorizes. 1-

Summary The threat of terrorism has become a reality in America Most definitions of terrorism have common elements As a result of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established The USA PATRIOT Act significantly improves the nation’s counterterrorism efforts The first line of defense against terrorism is the patrol officer 1-